DPT + polio vaccination, and how we survived it!

What questions do parents often ask?

What to do if a child’s temperature begins to rise after DPT and OPV vaccines?
If the temperature does not exceed 380 C, then the child should be given Paracetamol in suppositories or Panadol syrup. At high temperatures, the patient is recommended to take Nurofen or Ibuprofen. If these agents do not show sufficient effectiveness, it is advisable to use Nimesulide in relation to temperature.

Is it possible to wet the injection site?

The injection site should not be wetted only on the first day after the procedure. This is necessary to prevent infection from entering the wound. Starting from the second day after immunization, the child can wash his hands, take baths and other water procedures.

When can you walk outside after vaccination?

Vaccinations are not an indication for refusing to walk in the fresh air. You should refrain from going outside only if your baby has a fever, looks lethargic, or is irritable.

Such changes are a normal reaction to the DPT vaccine. They disappear without a trace 1-2 weeks after their appearance and do not require medication. In rare cases, bacterial flora attaches to the site of edema and a purulent abscess develops. If such symptoms occur, as well as an associated increase in temperature, the baby should be shown to surgeons.

After analyzing messages from concerned parents on medical forums, portals, and thematic groups on social networks, we can identify a number of the most popular questions.

The second most popular question is about the need for vaccinations as such. They are certainly needed, especially for such serious diseases. Initially, the campaign against them was started by a pharmaceutical company producing expensive drugs. This is a reason to think about the sources of arguments used by opponents of vaccinations. In addition, we all received the injections prescribed by the calendar in childhood and are quite healthy.

Another interesting point is the comparative characteristics of imported and domestic injections. Foreign ones, of course, are easier to tolerate and have fewer side effects. But immunization against them is worse, since the vaccine does not contain the “wild” virus. The choice should be made individually, after mandatory consultation with a doctor.

Every year there are alarming news about children suffering from vaccinations due to the incompetence of medical workers. In this regard, parents are looking for alternatives

To protect your baby from risk, it is important to pay attention to the following points:

Storage of drugs and expiration dates. Parents have the right to familiarize themselves with the storage conditions of medications, inspect the integrity of the packaging, and check the expiration date. Sterility. The availability and use of gloves, alcohol wipes, and sterile syringes by health care workers is also subject to parental supervision. Dosage

In the case of an oral vaccine, it is important to ensure that more than one portion is not received. Otherwise there will be a risk of complications

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How to calm your baby after a painful injection? After the procedure, it is better to give him a pacifier or drink from a bottle - the sucking reflex has a calming effect. The main thing is not to be nervous, as children sense the mood of their parents and adapt to it.

And finally, will vaccination protect against the disease one hundred percent? Alas, no one will give a complete guarantee. All that can be promised is minimal complications and a mild course of the disease in case of infection. But the fact that vaccination is safer than refusing it is a fact proven by medical research.

DTP vaccine (pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus toxoid)

This vaccination is a preventive measure for severe forms of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. These are extremely dangerous diseases and the mortality rate from them is quite high.

1. Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease that affects the upper respiratory tract. Such an infection causes intoxication and causes pathology of the nervous, cardiovascular system, and kidneys. The method of transmission is airborne. In the middle of the last century, diphtheria was practically defeated, but the abolition of compulsory vaccination caused new outbreaks of infection.
2. Tetanus affects the nervous system. In severe cases, it leads to respiratory and cardiac arrest. This infection enters the human body through wounds and cuts made from soil, dirt and sand. Tetanus outbreaks tend to occur in disaster and emergency areas. At high risk are children who are prone to injury under any circumstances.
3. Whooping cough is an infectious disease accompanied by a prolonged cough. The method of transmission is airborne. Very dangerous at an early age, it can cause respiratory arrest. The transferred disease does not form immunity, but only facilitates the course of re-infection.

According to the accepted vaccination calendar, DPT vaccination is carried out in four stages.

DPT is administered intramuscularly by injection. The vaccination schedule strictly corresponds to the child’s age and looks like this:

• two - three months;
• four to five months;
• six months;
• one year and six months.

This complex of four DPT vaccinations reliably protects the body from diseases. Subsequently, revaccination is carried out (repeated vaccination, which maintains immunity at the required level of activity). It is done at the ages of 7 and 14 years, then every decade.

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Contraindications

There are contraindications for DPT. These include reasons that exclude any vaccination: acute respiratory infections and the recovery period, an allergic reaction to vaccine components, severe immunodeficiency. Also, DTP vaccination cannot be carried out in case of progressive pathology of the nervous system or convulsions. In such cases, the pertussis component is excluded from the vaccine.

Side effects after DTP

The occurrence of mild adverse reactions is a positive sign that indicates the correct formation of immunity. At the same time, the absence of such phenomena does not mean violations and defects in the formation of immunity. Redness and swelling may occur at the site where the DTP vaccine was administered.

The DTP vaccine can affect the general condition of the baby as follows:

• temperature increase;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• lack of appetite;
• restless behavior;
• lethargy and drowsiness.

Complications after DTP

When the vaccine is administered, allergic reactions from simple urticaria to anaphylactic shock are possible. Complications can be caused by: improper preparation for vaccination, the amount of ballast substances in the administered drug, as well as the individual characteristics of the body.

Possible complications

Sometimes side effects occur with the simultaneous administration of DPT and polio vaccine. They may be due to the characteristics of the child’s body, non-compliance with the rules and violation of manipulation techniques by medical personnel, and improper care of the baby after immunoprophylaxis by the parents.

• cold;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• swelling of the leg where the injection was given, lameness;
• diarrhea;
• asthenia;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• vomit;
• abscess at the injection site;
• increased anxiety;
• fever;
• prolonged unnatural crying;
• convulsions;
• allergic manifestations (anaphylaxis, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Quincke's edema).

Dangerous consequences of vaccination against polio, DTP:

• damage to the central nervous system;
• developmental delay;
• paralysis of limbs;
• vaccine-associated polio.

To prevent the development of negative consequences of simultaneous vaccination with DTP and IPV, it is necessary to adhere to the following recommendations:

• fully examine the child, consult with specialists (neurologist, cardiologist, allergist, immunologist) regarding the safety of immunization;
• Give your baby antihistamines a few days in advance to prevent allergies;
• dress your baby outdoors according to the weather;
• on the day of vaccination, give the child an antipyretic drug;
• After vaccination, avoid visiting crowded places for a week. This minimizes the likelihood of infection with infectious or viral pathologies;
• Do not bathe your baby for several days. Ignoring this advice can lead to a cold or infection in the puncture;
• do not make changes to the child’s diet before and after immunization.

Complications after vaccination

If the DTP vaccine and polio were administered together, side effects often occur. Most often they develop over three days. Any antigen of these vaccines can cause a negative reaction to vaccination. But in most cases, side effects are caused by the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine.

The polio vaccine is given at 3 months using a live oral vaccine. They drip it onto the root of the tongue, which can cause the baby to burp. Sometimes vomiting develops after vaccination, so the immunization is repeated. For a child over one year old, the drug is dripped onto the tonsils of the palate. After vaccination with AFSD and polio, a general and local reaction often occurs.

The DTP injection is given intramuscularly, so the following consequences are possible:

• painful lump;
• itching;
• hyperemia.

Common reactions to DTP vaccination and polio include:

• temperature rise to 38.0-39.0°C;
• drowsiness and lethargy;
• tearfulness;
• irritability;
• anxiety;
• loss of appetite;
• rarely - diarrhea and vomiting.

The most common negative reaction of the body in children is an increase in temperature. This is due to the production of antibodies in the blood to pathogens. The temperature can last up to 5 days and go away on its own. If this does not happen, then the cause is an infection or a cold. In rare cases, the temperature rises to 40°C. In this case, you need to give the child Paracetamol or Panadol.

Complications may develop after vaccination:

• convulsive syndrome caused by high temperature;
• allergic reactions of varying severity;
• encephalopathy.

In rare cases, a complication such as vaccine-associated polio occurs.

In addition to side effects that go away on their own, after vaccination complications can be diagnosed that require immediate intervention by qualified specialists. Such reactions are incredibly rare, but they are still present in pediatric practice.

So, after DPT vaccination given together with OPV, a number of undesirable consequences may occur, including:

• convulsive syndrome, which often occurs against a background of elevated temperature, but may be a manifestation of damage to the central nervous system;
• allergic reactions to DPT and poliomyelitis, manifested by skin itching and rashes, as well as systemic hypersensitivity options, in particular angioedema and anaphylaxis;
• encephalopathy is a gross disruption of the functioning of the brain part of the central nervous system and multiple changes in the normal development of the child.

How children tolerate DTP vaccination and polio

DTP and polio vaccinations can cause side effects, which often appear during the first three days. Undesirable symptoms may be caused by either antigen from these vaccines alone or possibly by exposure to them together. But the most reactogenic is the pertussis component of the DPT vaccine - it is the one that causes the greatest reaction in the body.

Children aged 3 months are vaccinated against polio using a live oral drug. It is dripped onto the root of the tongue, where there are many taste buds. Feeling bitterness, the baby may burp. If a vomiting effect occurs after vaccination, the vaccine is re-administered. For children after 12 months, the anti-poliomyelitis drug is dripped onto the tonsils, where there are no taste buds. Therefore, the gag reflex does not occur.

After vaccination with polio and DTP, a local and general reaction may develop.

At the site of DTP injection the following are possible:

• hyperemia;
• itching;
• painful lump.

Swelling and induration greater than 5 cm in diameter may persist for 2–3 days. Because of the pain, the child takes care of his leg. This is a normal reaction and will go away in a few days. A severe reaction after DTP includes redness with a diameter of more than 8 cm. It can last 1–2 days.

General reactions to DTP vaccination and polio at 6 months are the same as at three and four months of age:

• temperature rise 38.0–39.0 °C;
• anxiety;
• irritability;
• tearfulness;
• lethargy and drowsiness;
• loss of appetite;
• in rare cases, vomiting and diarrhea.

The most common side effect after DPT administration is fever. This is explained by the production of antibodies to pathogens in the blood. How long does the temperature last after DPT and polio vaccination? - can be up to 5 days. More often it goes away on its own. If the temperature does not decrease after 5 days, this means a cold or the development of an infection that is not related to the vaccine.

In rare cases, after vaccination with DTP and polio, a strong reaction occurs. It is expressed in an increase in temperature to 40.0 °C or more. This reaction is caused by the pertussis element of the DTP vaccine. In these cases, the child can be given painkillers “Panadol”, “Paracetamol” and contact a pediatrician.

If the first immunization with the DPT vaccine caused a strong reaction in the body, then next time it should be replaced with the drug Infanrix.

Can vaccinations be done at the same time?

DTP (the international name for the DTP vaccine) is administered to protect the child from tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. These are contagious diseases, so children often become infected with them, but they are difficult to tolerate. Poliomyelitis often leads to the development of complications such as paralysis of the limbs. Vaccination against such diseases is included in the national vaccination calendar. In Russia, the timing of immunization against polio and DTP coincides, so they are often carried out simultaneously.

Many parents are interested in whether such vaccinations can be done at the same time, whether such a combination will be dangerous for the baby. Side effects from the joint administration of the DTP vaccine and polio occur no more often than after separate immunization. If the child has been properly prepared for vaccination, the risk of developing negative consequences is greatly reduced.

The DTP drug is used only until the age of four, and then an imported vaccine called Infanrix is ​​used. At the same time, live oral polio OPV or inactivated polio vaccine is administered.

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The first vaccination is given when the child is about three months old. The second is carried out at 4.5 months. The third immunization is carried out at six months. Revaccination is done one year after the last vaccination.

Contraindications

Before immunizing a child, he should be carefully examined by a pediatrician. Only after this the doctor gives a referral for vaccination. There are temporary contraindications to vaccination. These include:

• exacerbation of colds;
• rehabilitation period after illness.

Due to intolerance to the components of the drug, it is necessary to replace the vaccine with a lighter formula or an analogue. For example, the pertussis component is removed from DPT, and an inactivated one is used instead of a live polio vaccine.

Absolute contraindications to DPT and polio vaccinations:

• severe neurological diseases;
• complicated immunodeficiency;
• severe allergic reactions to the vaccine;
• complications after previous immunization.

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When and how many times are DTP and polio administered?

The first time the DTP vaccine, like polio, is given according to the calendar at the age of three months. The second DTP vaccination, as against polio, is given at 4.5 months. It is better to vaccinate the baby with the same drug as the first time, but it can be replaced with another vaccine with the same antigen content. The third immunization with DTP and polio vaccines is carried out at six months of age. It must be done with a mandatory break of 1–1.5 months after the previous one.

If at this age the DTP vaccine was rejected for some reason, then it is administered 3 times with an interval of 1.5 months. And revaccination is done a year after the last injection.

Scheduled revaccination of DTP and polio is done in the following periods:

• at 18 months - the first DPT revaccination and polio;
• at 20 months - second revaccination of polio;
• at 6–7 years old - a second revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria with the ADS-M vaccine (without the pertussis component);
• at the age of 14 - the third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and polio.

The DTP drug is used only until the age of four, after which the imported vaccine begins to be used. In addition, children from 4 to 6 years old are given the ADS vaccine, and after 6 years old - ADS-M.

Simultaneously with the DTP vaccine or its imported analogue "Infanrix", inactivated polio vaccine or live oral polio OPV is administered.

Compatibility of vaccines with each other

Most vaccines have antigenic, clinical and immunological compatibility: their immediate correct use does not suppress the specific immune response and does not increase the likelihood and severity of side effects. When implementing the current vaccination calendar, two types of immunobiological preparations are used.

Live vaccines:

• MMR (measles-mumps-rubella);
• OPV (polio vaccine drops);
• against rotavirus infection;
• from chicken pox;
• anti-influenza (in drops).

Inactivated (killed) vaccines:

• DTP (pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus);
• IPV (injection polio vaccine);
• against pneumococcal infection;
• from hepatitis (A and B);
• anti-influenza (by injection);
• from meningococcal infection;
• against hemophilus influenzae infection.

The simultaneous administration of vaccines is practiced in accordance with the recommendations of epidemiologists and immunologists, established by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

• two or more inactivated biological products are administered simultaneously - on the same day in different syringes to different anatomical areas or on any other day;
• vaccination with two or more inactivated vaccines and one live biological product can also be carried out on the same day, distributing them into different syringes and different anatomical zones or at any other interval;
• two or more live vaccines can be used either simultaneously - on the same day, but in different syringes and in different anatomical areas, or with a time interval of at least 4-5 weeks.

The exception is the live BCG vaccine: it is compatible only with a biological product against hepatitis B; it must be performed separately from all other vaccinations and at an interval of at least a month.

Can I give the flu vaccine along with measles?

Both live and inactivated influenza vaccines are given on the same day with any vaccinations from the National Calendar, except BCG. If it is not possible to vaccinate against influenza and measles at the same time, a break of 4-5 weeks is taken between the MMR and any (live or killed) influenza vaccine.

Are DTP and measles vaccination compatible?

The vaccination calendar provides for complex immunization with DPT with vaccines against polio, hepatitis B, pneumococcal and hemophilus influenzae infections.

If it is necessary to restore the calendar schedule (more often when traveling abroad), the World Health Organization recommends the simultaneous administration of all immunobiological drugs indicated for a child or adult according to their age.

Clinical practice has shown that local reactions to PDA are observed somewhat more often if DTP was simultaneously introduced into another anatomical zone. However, titers of immunoglobulins that form reliable protection against infections were similar to those in children vaccinated with monovaccines.

If there were pronounced vaccine reactions in response to the previous administration of DTP, then an interval of at least 45-60 days is maintained between it and the CCP.

Is it possible to get vaccinations against hepatitis, polio and DTP together?

Immunobiological preparations for the formation of immunity to hepatitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio and tetanus are recommended by specialists for simultaneous administration. Antigens of the causative agents of these diseases are included in the combined six-component vaccines Infanrix Hexa and Hexaxim and are administered comprehensively in one syringe.

Imported analogues of DTP

Although Russian vaccines are of high quality, imported ones are more hypoallergenic and safe. To minimize side effects from the use of both DTP and polio, imported vaccines can be used.

1. The French Pentaxim vaccine combines protection against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (that is, like DPT) and also against polio. In addition to the vaccine, an antihemophilic component is separately packaged, which is mixed with the rest before use. Pentaxim allows you to reduce the number of vaccinations. After all, with separate vaccination they give DPT or Infanrix and plus IPV or OPV for polio. The Pentaxim vaccine contains all these components in one, which is convenient, since you don’t have to injure the child several times. In addition, vaccine-associated polio does not occur after it, since the drug contains a killed virus.
2. Until recently, the French-made Tetracoc vaccine was used, which provided protection against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus and polio. But it has already been discontinued.
3. "Infanrix" made in Belgium. It is a high-quality analogue of DTP. The absence of merthiolate and the use of killed pertussis microbes greatly reduces the risk of adverse reactions. Although Infanrix is ​​a non-combination drug, in combination with other vaccines it is easier to tolerate. The full course includes 3 vaccinations and one revaccination. To protect against polio, the IPV vaccine is administered simultaneously with Infanrix.
4. The French vaccine Tetraxim is a combination drug. Replaces DTP and polio vaccine. "Tetraxim" does not contain merthiolate, so it is easier to tolerate. For a full course of immunization, 3 vaccinations are given.

All vaccines are interchangeable with each other, but Infanrix is ​​easier to tolerate.

Answers to frequently asked questions

1. What to do if a child has a fever after DPT vaccinations and polio? If the thermometer is below 38.0 °C, give a mild antipyretic drug - Paracetamol, Efferalgan, Panadol, Tylenol. If it exceeds 38.0 °C, then Nurofen or Ibuprofen in syrup will do. If these remedies are ineffective, you can give Nimesulide. In addition, you need to give solutions to replenish fluid in the body. To do this, dissolve Regidron, Glucosolan, Humana Elektrolyt or Gastrolit powder in water. And also drink liquids - fruit juice, lemon tea or compote.
2. When can you go for a walk after DPT and polio vaccination? When you come home after vaccination, measure the temperature and examine the baby for rashes and general condition. On the day of the procedure, it is better to stay at home to monitor your baby. The very next day, take him out for a walk, but not to the playground, but to the park. A dose of oxygen will help you sleep and restore strength. You need to walk as much as possible every day.
3. Is it possible to wet the area where the DPT and polio vaccine was given? Do not wet it on the first day to avoid infection. The next day you can wet it, but do not rub it.
4. Is it possible to bathe a child after DPT and polio vaccination? On the first day, refrain from washing it - the wound should heal. The next day you can bathe without using a washcloth if your body temperature is not higher than 37.5 °C. At high temperatures, you can wipe the skin with a damp cloth.
5. What to do if a child’s leg hurts after vaccination against DPT and polio? According to WHO recommendations, a child is vaccinated in the thigh in the first year of life. Injecting a vaccine into the buttock is considered a violation of the rules. After one and a half years, DPT is given to the shoulder. When the vaccine is injected into the thigh, the risk of complications decreases, but in some cases the baby's leg hurts greatly. Then the leg cannot be rubbed, heated or cold applied to it. Painful swelling at the injection site may resolve within 2 weeks. And this is normal, because there is an inflammatory process here, which decreases after the drug is absorbed. You can speed it up by applying Troxevasin gel. Typically, severe compaction develops if the vaccine is not injected into the muscle, but under the skin, from where absorption is slowed down. But when the injection is made with poor asepsis, suppuration may form, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature. In this case, the child should be consulted by a surgeon.

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How to prevent a reaction

The tolerability of vaccination is greatly influenced by the preparation of the child, compliance with the rules of vaccination and storage conditions of the drug.

Parents should follow general recommendations before and after simultaneous DPT and polio vaccinations.

1. If the child is prone to allergies, the doctor will advise taking antihistamines. In this case, after vaccination with DPT and polio, it is not recommended to use Suprastin and Tavegil. Due to the fact that they dry out the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, there is a risk of complications of acute respiratory infections even at elevated temperatures. Therefore, it is preferable to give Claritin in syrup.
2. Before vaccination, you need to consult a doctor and take your temperature. The child must be healthy on the day of vaccination.
3. You cannot vaccinate a sweating child against polio with DPT or polio. You need to wait in front of the office and give the baby something to drink.
4. Children tolerate vaccination more easily without unnecessary stress on the intestines. Therefore, the day before it you need to reduce the amount and concentration of food. You cannot feed an hour before DTP vaccination and immediately after it.
5. It is not advisable to vaccinate if there has been no stool in the last 24 hours. You need to empty your intestines with an enema.
6. On the day of the injection, as well as after it, it is recommended to limit communication with people to avoid infection.
7. Severe side effects and serious complications in 80% of cases occur within the first hour after vaccination. Therefore, during this time you need to stay in the clinic to monitor the child.

Compliance with such recommendations significantly reduces the risk of side effects and complications.

Possible complications of the vaccine combination

Complications that arise after vaccination with combined vaccines are exactly the same as when they are administered separately. It should be understood that complications and side effects of vaccines are completely different concepts. Side effects go away after some time, the child’s body copes with them on its own.

One of the most common types of complications after vaccination is high body temperature, which lasts more than 3 days.

In case of complications, the drug provokes the following disorders in children:

• illness from the virus against which the vaccine was given;
• anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema;
• convulsive syndrome in the absence of hyperthermia;
• nervous system disorders;
• severe decrease in pressure;
• prolonged increase in temperature (above 39°C).

In the case of DTP, complications most often occur after the second and third vaccination (we recommend reading: how to treat redness after a DPT vaccination in a child?). Their appearance after vaccination with DPT, viral polio, hepatitis B depends on many factors:

• individual characteristics of the child;
• tendency to allergic reactions;
• non-compliance with the rules of vaccination and storage of the drug.

Contraindications

Vaccination is postponed until recovery from acute respiratory infections or fever. Absolute exemptions for any vaccination, including DTP and polio, are as follows:

• intolerance to vaccines or their components;
• allergic reaction to the first injection;
• allergy to antibiotics if IPV is used against polio.

Vaccination is temporarily postponed for children with exacerbation of diathesis.

A joint DTP and polio vaccination protects the baby from four dangerous infections at once from a very early age. Immunization against these diseases is included in the national vaccination calendar and it is no coincidence that it is carried out at the same time, since with proper preparation of the child, possible side effects are minimized. To further facilitate the tolerability of the procedure, DTP and OPV can be replaced with a combined imported vaccine.

Hepatitis B vaccine

Hepatitis B is a dangerous disease that affects the liver and bile ducts. This disease leads to an increased risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. The method of transmission is through blood.

Vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes:

1. Classic. Newborn – first month – sixth month.
2. Accelerated. Newborn – first month – second month – year.
3. Emergency. Newborn – seventh day – twenty-first day – year.

The first scheme is considered optimal. A second hepatitis vaccination system is used if the child is at risk of infection. The third schedule is used in emergency cases, for example, if urgent surgery is necessary.

If the hepatitis vaccination schedule was strictly followed, then the body will be protected from the disease for 22 years.

Contraindications for hepatitis vaccination

You cannot get vaccinated if the patient is allergic to baker's yeast, diathesis, acute respiratory infections, meningitis, or an autoimmune disease. Also, vaccination is not carried out if the previous vaccination caused a strong reaction.

Side effects of hepatitis vaccine

In general, hepatitis vaccination is easily tolerated. In some cases, side effects that are considered normal may occur. These include:

• Redness or hardness of tissue at the injection site.
• Temperature increase.
• Weakness, malaise.
• Headache.
• Diarrhea.
• Itching or redness of the skin.
• Complications after hepatitis vaccination

This vaccination rarely causes complications. According to statistics, only one child in 100,000 can get a phenomenon such as:

• hives;
• rash;
• exacerbation of an allergic reaction;
• anaphylactic shock;
• Erythema nodosum.