“Parents about vaccinations.” material on the topic
“Parents about vaccinations.”
Dear parents!
You need to know that only prof. Vaccinations can protect your child from diseases such as polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, tetanus,
Hepatitis B, measles, epidemic. mumps, rubella.
What are the dangers of the diseases against which vaccinations are included in the Russian vaccination calendar?
Poliomyelitis (or infantile paralysis) is an acute infectious disease primarily affecting the central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord. The disease leads to the development of paralysis, leading the sick child to disability.
Acute hepatitis B is a severe infectious disease characterized by inflammatory liver damage. Viral hepatitis B transmitted at an early age in 50-90% of cases becomes chronic, leading subsequently to liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The younger the age at which infection occurs, the higher the likelihood of becoming a chronic carrier.
Tuberculosis is a disease that affects the lungs and bronchi, but other organs can also be affected. With tuberculosis, the development of generalized forms, including tuberculous meningitis, resistant to anti-tuberculosis drugs, is possible.
Whooping cough is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract. Damage to the lungs is dangerous, especially in infancy. A serious complication is encephalopathy, which, due to seizures, can lead to death or leave behind permanent damage, deafness or epileptic seizures.
Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease characterized by toxic damage to the body, mainly the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as a local inflammatory process with the formation of fibrin plaque. Complications such as toxic shock, myocarditis, polyneuritis, including damage to cranial and peripheral nerves, damage to the adrenal glands, and toxic neurosis are possible.
Tetanus - affects the nervous system and is accompanied by high mortality due to paralysis of the respiratory tract and heart muscle.
Measles is a disease that can cause the development of otitis media, pneumonia that does not respond to antibiotic therapy, and encephalitis. The risk of severe complications and death is especially high in young children.
Epidemic parotitis - the disease can be complicated by serous meningitis, in some cases, inflammation of the pancreas. Mumps is one of the causes of male and female infertility.
PARENTS! REMEMBER!
By vaccinating your child, you protect him from infectious diseases!
By refusing vaccinations, you risk the health and life of your child!
Help your child!
Protect him from infectious diseases and from the serious complications and consequences they cause!
Give your child the opportunity to receive the necessary vaccinations for free!
How to prevent a child from getting sick
Some diseases can be prevented. There's nothing complicated about it. All disease prevention measures are simple and accessible to every family. Compliance with hygienic rules, regimen, good nutrition, reasonable hardening, systematic physical exercise, sports, timely preventive vaccinations and limiting possible contact with infectious patients - this is almost a complete arsenal of means to ensure the health and proper development of the child.
At the slightest suspicion of an infectious disease in the family, before the doctor arrives, it is necessary to separate the sick person from healthy children, warn others about the disease and, as soon as possible, report the child’s illness to a nursery, kindergarten, or school, if the sick person attended them. All this can protect other children from becoming infected and prevent the occurrence of bacilli carriers and the spread of the disease.
In order to prevent diseases, we suggest following the following rules:
- Inform the kindergarten nurse about the slightest signs of the child’s ill health on the eve of visiting kindergarten.
- You must notify about the absence of a child in kindergarten by phone: 64-26-11
- If a child is absent from kindergarten due to illness or for some other reason for more than 3 days, then parents are required to provide a certificate from a pediatrician.
- If a child who comes to the group shows signs of illness, the teacher
has the right not to admit this child to the group without examination by a nurse.
- If a child gets sick in kindergarten, the doctor or nurse isolates him and he
is in isolation until his parents arrive. Time spent by the child in
isolation ward should not exceed 2 hours.
- All vaccinations required by age must be completed. A child without vaccinations is not allowed into the group.
- When carrying out routine vaccination, parents must give written consent to the vaccination in kindergarten. If a child is vaccinated at another institution, parents are required to get vaccinated within a week. In case of a medical exemption from vaccinations, you must provide a certificate from the treating pediatrician.
- When kindergarten health workers send a child for any bacteriological examination, parents are required to carry it out within 7 days.
- Parents must carry out all activities (health,
preventive, restorative - after illness), prescribed by a pediatrician.
- For the purpose of early diagnosis of tuberculosis, annually (once a year)
In the institution, children are given an intravenous Mantoux test. Absent children
it must be done at the clinic at your place of residence.
- After the summer holiday, a certificate from the pediatrician about the condition is provided
the child’s health, and the results of the test for enterobiasis.
It is not allowed to bring any food into the group!
“Why are vaccinations needed?”
Inoculations or vaccines got their name from the anti-smallpox drug prepared from the contents of cowpox by the English doctor Jenner in 1798. He noticed that if you introduce the contents of a cow's pox, which contains pathogenic bacteria, into a skin incision in a person, he will not get smallpox.
Inoculations (vaccines) are drugs that help create active specific immunity acquired during the vaccination process and necessary to protect the body from a specific pathogen. Vaccinations can also be used to treat certain infectious diseases.
Inoculations (vaccines) are made through complex biochemical processes from microorganisms, their metabolic products or individual components of a microbial cell.
A vaccine preparation containing certain doses of the pathogen, once in the human body, collides with blood cells - lymphocytes, as a result of which antibodies are formed - special protective proteins. An organism during a certain period of time - a year, five years, etc. - “remembers” about the vaccination. This is associated with the need for repeated vaccinations - revaccination, after which stable long-term immunity is formed. During a subsequent “meeting” with a pathogenic microorganism, antibodies recognize it and neutralize it, and the person does not get sick.
Calendar of scheduled vaccinations
Each country in the world has its own calendar of preventive vaccinations. In our country, until recently, it included seven infections: tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, mumps (mumps) and polio. Since 1997, two more vaccinations have been added to the compulsory vaccination calendar - against hepatitis B and rubella.
Hepatitis B vaccination
In the first 12 hours of life, the baby is vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Viral hepatitis B is an infectious liver disease caused by the virus of the same name, characterized by severe inflammatory damage to the liver. The disease has various forms - from viral carriage to acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In newborns, viral hepatitis in most cases is asymptomatic, without classic jaundice, which complicates timely diagnosis and delays the initiation of treatment.
If newborns are not vaccinated, then 90% of children infected with viral hepatitis B in the first half of the year, and 50% of children infected in the second half of life, will develop a chronic course of this serious disease. The vaccination is repeated at 1 and 6 months. If a child was born from a mother who is a carrier of the hepatitis B antigen or who contracted hepatitis in the third trimester of pregnancy, the vaccination is repeated at 1, 2 and 12 months. Immunity lasts up to 12 years or more.
Vaccination against tuberculosis
At the age of three to seven days, the child is vaccinated against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine (BCG - Bacillus Calmette Guerin, literally - Calmette's bacillus, Guerin - the creators of the anti-tuberculosis vaccine). Tuberculosis is a chronic, widespread and severe infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch bacillus). The lungs are initially affected, but other organs may also be affected.
It is known that about 2/3 of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Every year, about 8 million people become ill with active tuberculosis, and about 3 million die. At the present stage, treatment of this infection is extremely difficult due to the high resistance of the bacillus to the strongest antibiotics.
The situation is further aggravated by the fact that, unlike other vaccines, BCG is not 100% effective in preventing tuberculosis and is not an absolute means of controlling this infection. At the same time, it has been proven that BCG protects 85% of vaccinated children from severe forms of tuberculosis. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends this vaccination for newborns in countries where tuberculosis is widespread, including in our country.
Immunity after vaccination develops after 8 weeks. In order not to miss the moment of possible infection with tuberculosis, the child is given a Mantoux test every year. If the Mantoux test is negative (i.e., the absence of anti-tuberculosis immunity), revaccination (re-vaccination) with BCG is carried out at 7 and/or 14 years of age.
Vaccinations against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio
From the age of three months, they begin to be vaccinated against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DPT - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) and polio (OPV - oral polio vaccine). Both vaccinations can be replaced with the French Tetracoc vaccine, a combination vaccine containing DTP and OPV.
Whooping cough is an infectious disease caused by the whooping cough bacillus. The most characteristic symptom of whooping cough is a prolonged, paroxysmal spasmodic cough. The disease is most severe in children in the first months of life, is accompanied by high mortality, and causes lung pathology in every fourth patient. Vaccination consists of 3 vaccinations at 3, 4.5 and 6 months, repeated vaccination is carried out at 18 months. Children under 4 years of age are vaccinated against whooping cough; at 7 and 14 years of age they are vaccinated and revaccinated only against diphtheria and tetanus; in adults this is done every 10 years.
Diphtheria is a disease caused by Coronabacterium diphtheria. The infection is severe, with the formation of characteristic films on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, with damage to the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The causative agent of diphtheria secretes a powerful toxin that has the ability to destroy the membrane of nerves and damage red blood cells (blood cells). Complications of diphtheria can be: myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), polyneuritis (multiple nerve damage), paralysis, decreased vision, kidney damage. The World Health Organization recommends vaccination for all countries of the world without exception.
Tetanus is a deadly disease caused by the tetanus bacillus. The causative agents of the disease live in the soil in the form of spores. They enter the body through the smallest scratches of the skin, mucous membranes and toxins (one of the most powerful) affect the nervous system. Spasms and convulsions of all muscles of the body occur, so severe that they lead to bone fractures and muscle separation from the bones. Prolonged spasms of the respiratory muscles are especially dangerous. The prognosis for the onset of the disease is unfavorable. The mortality rate is 40-80%. A spasm of the respiratory muscles occurs, paralysis of the heart muscle occurs - this leads to death. The only means of prevention is vaccination.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection that affects the nervous system (the gray matter of the spinal cord). It is characterized by fever, headaches, muscle pain, followed by the development of paralysis of the lower extremities (weakness, muscle pain, inability or impairment of walking). In the most severe cases, damage to the spinal cord leads to respiratory arrest and death. Complications of polio: atrophy, i.e. disruption of the structure and function of muscles, as a result of which they become weaker, lameness occurs in mild cases, and paralysis in severe cases. Vaccination is used as a preventive measure.
Vaccinations against measles, rubella and mumps
At 1 year of age, the child is vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps, and re-vaccinated at 6 years of age.
Measles is a severe viral infection with a high mortality rate (in some countries up to 10%), complicated by pneumonia (pneumonia), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease that manifests itself as a skin rash and swollen lymph nodes. The danger of this disease primarily lies in the fact that the rubella virus infects the fetus of a pregnant woman who has not had rubella and has not been vaccinated, causing defects of the heart, brain and other organs and systems. Therefore, there are three principal approaches to the fight against rubella: vaccinating children, vaccinating adolescent girls, and vaccinating women of childbearing age who plan to have children. WHO recommends combining all three strategies whenever possible. In some regions of Russia, vaccination of children and adolescents is combined.
The mumps virus affects not only the salivary gland, but also other glandular organs: ovaries, testicles (this can cause infertility), pancreas, and possibly inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).
About vaccinations not included in the routine vaccination calendar
Flu vaccination. Due to the risk of possible severe complications, it is indicated for children from 6 months of age who suffer from chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, kidneys, and heart.
It is necessary to be vaccinated with vaccines, the composition of which changes annually and corresponds to the spectrum of those viruses that are common this year (monitoring is carried out by WHO).
It is also necessary to get vaccinated against influenza because in the presence of influenza viruses, many weak viruses and bacteria become more aggressive and can cause exacerbations of chronic diseases or provoke the occurrence of another infection.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (caused by Haemophilus influenzae) is not as common as influenza. However, it is the cause of severe purulent infection in children of the first year of life. This can be purulent meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), otitis (inflammation of the ear), epiglottitis (inflammation of the cartilage of the larynx - epiglottis), pneumonia (pneumonia), osteomelitis (inflammation of the upper layer of bone - periosteum), etc. In many countries of the world this vaccination (Act-HIB - corporate name) is included in the preventive vaccination calendar.
The increase in the incidence of meningococcal infection in the fall of 2003 in Moscow caused panic among the population. Meningitis (bacterial) is an inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord caused by meningococcus, which “lives” in the throat. Infection occurs from a sick person or an apparently healthy carrier of this microbe. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. In addition, with weakened immunity, the pathogen can enter the central nervous system through the blood, causing inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. The temperature rises (over 38.0 C), severe headache, stiff neck muscles, nausea, vomiting, and rash in the form of bruises. Internal bleeding, sepsis, as well as loss of consciousness, coma, and convulsions due to cerebral edema are possible. The release of meningococcal toxins leads to disruption of cardiovascular activity, breathing and death of the patient.
Meningococcal infection is most severe in children of the first year of life. According to epidemic indications, children are vaccinated from 6 months, with repeated administration of the vaccine after 3 months, in the case when the domestic vaccine is vaccinated from 1 year.
In normal cases, children over 2 years of age are vaccinated once; immunity develops for at least 3 years; in adults, for 10 years.
In conclusion, let’s say that vaccinations are done voluntarily, at the request of the child’s parents. Some moms and dads have fear of vaccinations.
