Vaccination of horses against anthrax instructions

In order for a horse to be strong, active and always delight others with its achievements, you need to regularly check its health and get all the necessary vaccinations. It is important to know in what situations vaccines are needed.

Organizing and conducting activities aimed at preventing infectious and invasive animal diseases has been and remains one of the main tasks of the veterinary service. Infectious diseases by their nature differ significantly from non-contagious ones and occupy a special place in animal pathology. A distinctive feature of these conditions is the ability to be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one. This determines the possibility of mass destruction and leads to the widespread spread of diseases that can cause great damage. Some diseases are dangerous because they can be transmitted from animals to humans, so the successful fight against them, and most importantly, their prevention, is a contribution to protecting the health of the country's population.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, all horses, from birth to the last days of life, are required to

subject to the following activities.

Vaccinations against anthrax

Carried out annually. At the same time, owners should remember that in accordance with the Veterinary Rules for the movement of sports horses across the territory of the Russian Federation, approved on September 28, 2005, the animal must be vaccinated no more than 12 months before transportation.

The vaccine for treating animals is used live and requires special precautions, so it is not sold freely, and its administration is carried out only by specialist veterinarians. Upon the fact of vaccination, the veterinarian must draw up a report, including in it the names of the employees and veterinarian of the stable present at the vaccination, or only the owners of the animal.

Veterinary Medicine: Vaccines, why vaccinate your horse? // ZM 5(55) 2006

Infectious diseases in horses, like in other animal species, have different origins. They are caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Certain types of microorganisms, having entered the animal’s body, begin to multiply, affect internal organs and systems, release products of their vital activity, and thereby cause pathological changes that develop into a clinical picture.

With a particular infectious lesion, as a rule, a typical clinical picture characteristic of this disease occurs, which makes it specific and different from others. The incidence of this disease is widespread. This set of symptoms gives us the right to call the disease infectious. However, this is not always the case. The clinical picture can be distorted, and often quite strongly. This is due to the layering of infections and the variability of microorganisms, which ultimately greatly complicates early diagnosis based only on clinical signs of the disease or makes it impossible. Thus, it becomes obvious that laboratory tests play a major role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Some equine diseases, such as infectious anemia, for example, currently do not have specific immunoprophylaxis methods, and the main method of combating them is timely laboratory diagnosis with the introduction of subsequent restrictions. Most infectious diseases of horses have been described in detail, laboratory diagnostic methods have been developed, and treatment methods have been recommended. However, in fact, the only effective method of combating these diseases is their specific immunoprophylaxis or, simply, vaccination! In order to understand what a vaccine is, how and to what extent it is capable of suppressing the causative agent of a particular infectious disease, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of its action.

Get vaccinated! Many vaccines have been developed and are successfully used against most infectious diseases of horses. They are constantly being refined, improved, and new ones are tested. Vaccine production is in constant flux because, as described above, microorganisms change and new strains appear. A conscientious manufacturer of biological products monitors the emergence of new strains and constantly monitors the epizootic relevance of its product. The degree of “success” of a vaccine is determined by the extent to which it is able to induce the formation of specific antibodies without having a negative effect on the animal’s body. The surface of antibodies formed in the body should ideally coincide clearly, like a mirror image, with the antigen (bacterium, virus). In this case, they will fit together like a “key to a lock”, and upon possible contact they will seem to stick together, which will not give the microorganism the opportunity for further development. In addition, the number of antibodies (or intensity of immunity) must be comparable to the possible number of antigens entering the body. We describe this mechanism in an extremely simplified manner, but in essence it is the same for all vaccines. From this we can conclude that the closer the similarity of the vaccine strain to the field pathogenic one, the more effective the vaccine will work. Historically, the first vaccines were live, developed from pathogenic strains by suppressing their pathogenic properties with various substances. When a vaccine is introduced into a living organism, the disease actually manifests itself, but in an extremely weakened form; antibodies are quickly formed in the body, which ultimately suppress the development of the infection, resulting in fairly stable immunity. Modern technologies make it possible to find not only current vaccine strains, but also DNA sections of pathogenic microorganisms responsible for the production of specific antibodies and “recognition.” In any case, the vaccine must meet safety and effectiveness requirements.

Vaccination rules For each vaccine, methods of its administration, dosage, frequency and frequency, as well as many other rules (including storage and transportation conditions) have been developed, which absolutely cannot be violated, due to the fact that if these rules are not followed, the vaccine will not “work.” “, or the immunity will be extremely weak. All horses kept in an equestrian club (stud farm or other equestrian farm) must be vaccinated upon reaching a certain age with one or another vaccine in accordance with officially approved instructions and undergo timely revaccination. Often we have to deal with the fact that from the mass of horses that are in a stud farm (club, etc.), owners vaccinate horses according to the principle - “this horse goes to competitions, we vaccinate it, this one doesn’t - we don’t need it...” Or, what’s even worse: “We’ll adopt a valuable horse, but it’s not worth spending money on an ordinary one.” It would seem absurd, but we have to deal with such situations with enviable frequency. The reasoning of such owners, as a rule, is the same - “vaccination is expensive...”. Some people have the opinion that vaccines in general are harmful (!). I would like to bring to their attention that the development of vaccines is carried out by highly qualified specialists who study, among other things, their epizootic relevance in accordance with the territories where these vaccines are used. After all, animals vaccinated against other exotic infections that are not typical for our country can bring these infections in a latent (hidden) form, and under certain conditions infect unvaccinated people. As a result, it is very important to consult a veterinarian on all issues related to its immune status before importing a horse from abroad. In addition, it is necessary to remember that the number of vaccinated horses in one club or horse breeding farm must be at least 80%. If this percentage is less, then an individual horse, vaccinated according to all the rules with the best vaccine in the world, has a risk of getting sick if the infection is introduced from the outside. This occurs due to the fact that a sick animal releases a huge amount of the pathogen into the external environment, and the immune system does not have time to produce an adequate amount of antibodies. Experts call this situation a “vaccination breakthrough.” In order to prevent such incidents from happening, it is necessary to draw up a plan of anti-epizootic measures in the club, farm, stud farm as a whole, for the entire population of horses, and not for an individual horse. It must be remembered that no vaccine will give a 100% guarantee that your horse will not get sick if the above rules are not taken into account.

Veterinary legislation It is very important that the animal is provided with comfortable living conditions (this includes feeding, living conditions, and degree of stress), since a weakened body, even in a vaccinated horse, is a very dangerous factor in the breakdown of immunity. All anti-epizootic measures are not carried out at the whim of veterinarians and not in order to mechanically enter them into veterinary certificates. These events, first of all, are necessary for your horses, and ultimately for you, dear horse owners! And what kind of vaccines your horse needs today, in what time frame and with what frequency they should be used is regulated by the Veterinary Legislation of the Russian Federation, with a brief summary of the main points of which let me introduce you in more detail. All therapeutic and preventive measures carried out on farms engaged in keeping or breeding horses are regulated by current rules or instructions approved by the head of the veterinary service of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Veterinary Rules for the movement of sports horses across the territory of the Russian Federation, approved on September 28, 2005, all sports, racing and trotting horses must be vaccinated before shipment: within the last 6 months against equine influenza, no more than 12 months before shipment against anthrax and dermatomycosis; tested for glanders, INAN and breeding disease with negative results. The studies are carried out at intervals of 6 months. These rules apply to circus and theatrical horses.

Vaccination procedure In accordance with the Rules for Veterinary Treatment of Animals, with the Instructions for combating various diseases of horses, enshrined in Veterinary Legislation, all horses kept on farms, regardless of their form of ownership, must be subjected to veterinary treatment in the following order: Annual vaccination against anthrax , vaccination or serological testing against leptospirosis, vaccination against influenza. Pregnant mares and young animals are additionally vaccinated against rhinopneumonia. All livestock are examined serologically for glanders, INA, and breeding disease. If the area is unfavorable due to any diseases, the veterinary service may carry out additional studies and treatments.

Immunization against influenza To immunize horses against influenza, two vaccines are officially registered in the Russian Federation and can be used: an inactivated polyvalent vaccine against equine influenza (developed at VIEV, produced at the Privolzhskaya biofactory) and Equilis Ekvenza-T (Intervet, Holland). The effectiveness of vaccination is achieved with a two-time primary administration of the vaccine at an interval of three to six weeks, then after six months, followed by annual revaccination. Here we would like to draw your attention to the fact that since 2006 all horses participating in competitions held under the auspices of the FEI (according to the document Quarterly news FEI Department. No.8, February 2005, p.2) must be vaccinated against equine influenza every six months. It is recommended to vaccinate foals against influenza from the age of 4-6 months.

Anthrax To vaccinate horses against anthrax, domestically produced vaccines are used. The immunization scheme involves a single administration of the vaccine for foals, starting from 9 months of age (in the case of forced vaccination - from 3 months of age), adult horses are immunized annually, during the period of the best physiological state of the body. To avoid complications, it is not recommended to vaccinate animals in the hot season, especially in conditions of scarcity of drinking water, and in cold rainy weather. It is not allowed to vaccinate weak, emaciated animals in the last months of pregnancy.

Leptospirosis Vaccines against leptospirosis in farm animals are recommended to be used with the inclusion of those serovars that are most often detected in a given farm, to determine which the livestock is examined serologically before using the vaccine. If the farm is free from leptospirosis, it is possible to limit itself to only serological testing, without subsequent immunization. It is recommended to start vaccinating horses at one month of age, followed by revaccination after six months.

Dermatophytoses Forced and preventive use of vaccines against equine dermatophytoses involves an initial two-time administration of the vaccine with an interval of 15-20 days, followed by annual revaccination. It is recommended to immunize foals starting at 3 months of age.

Rhinopneumonia To prevent rhinopneumonia in horses, it is recommended to use the domestic vaccine from the SV/69 strain, for pregnant mares - twice: the first time at 1-3 months of pregnancy, again after 3-4 months, but not later than the 7th month of pregnancy. The remaining horses are vaccinated twice with an interval of 3-4 months. Foals are vaccinated for the first time at the age of 3 months and again 3-4 weeks before weaning. Horses are revaccinated annually, twice with an interval of 3-4 months.

From the large amount of information offered to you, dear reader, we hope you will draw conclusions that only a timely and complete program of preventive measures will prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases that can cause health problems for your horses, and thereby - serious economic damage to your horse farm.

Testing for glanders, influenza and breeding disease

These diseases are considered particularly dangerous infectious diseases. The frequency of examination for dangerous infections is at least once a year, but for animals participating in competitions and exhibitions, studies are carried out at intervals of 6 months. Additionally, depending on the epizootic situation in the region or region, a blood test may also be required, for example, for viral arteritis or piroplasmosis. Research is paid and only special state veterinary laboratories have the right to carry it out.

Anti-brucellosis measures

Brucellosis is one of the diseases that occurs quite rarely on horse farms and other farms. It most often affects pigs, cattle and camels. The test for the presence of brucellosis pathogens is carried out according to indications:

• the presence of individuals on farms that have been cleared of brucellosis, from which restrictions in force up to a specific moment have been lifted;
• the presence of the main symptom of the disease in stallions or mares - arthritis;
• location of livestock in a region with a high risk of infection.

Vaccination or testing for leptospirosis

Currently, in the current situation in St. Petersburg, if the farm (stable) is healthy for leptospirosis, it is possible to limit oneself to only an annual serological blood test. Currently, a special vaccine against equine leptospirosis has been developed and successfully used by NPO Narvak, Russia, which is well tolerated by animals without any complications. Also, the vaccine against leptospirosis of animals from the Stavropol and Armavir biofactories has also proven itself without complications.

At the same time, according to the veterinary rules VP 13.3.1310-96, the study of animal blood serum in order to detect leptospirosis is carried out:

• in breeding farms twice a year;
• before importing (exporting) an animal for breeding and consumption purposes;
• if leptospirosis is suspected.

However, the need for an annual serological blood test is not specified. Mandatory vaccination of clinically healthy animals susceptible to leptospirosis is carried out in farms unaffected by it.

There are also vaccinations and tests that are mandatory only during transportation

horses.

Flu vaccination

It is carried out once a year, after an initial two-time (depending on the manufacturer, the timing of the basic two-time vaccination can vary from 2 to 6 weeks) or three-time (after 3-6 weeks and after 6 months) treatment. It is very important to remember that in the territory of any country, including Russia, only officially registered drugs are allowed for use. This is due to the fact that various strains of influenza viruses circulate in the world, which, moreover, are constantly changing. Special institutes regularly monitor the variability of viruses, and depending on this, they recommend or, conversely, prohibit the use of a particular vaccine. Currently, we have the following biological products registered and approved for use:

1. Vaccine against equine influenza, produced by the Volga Biofactory;
2. "Equilis Resequin", (influenza and rhinopneumonia), Intervet, Holland;
3. "Equilis Prequenza Te" (flu and tetanus), Intervet, Holland.

Preparations for vaccination

Prevention of influenza diseases, which is the annual administration of a vaccine. First you need to do a double or triple treatment. Double vaccination is done within two to six weeks, while three-time vaccination is done first from three to six weeks, and then after six months. It is imperative to purchase only those vaccines that are officially registered. This is important because influenza viruses can be different from each other, and they also tend to mutate.

There are professional laboratories that study the behavior of these viruses, and are constantly making new recommendations regarding the use of anti-influenza drugs. Based on how viruses behave at the moment, professionals advise which vaccine should be used and which one should be abandoned. Today, three drugs are considered officially registered:

1. 
   The drug “Equilis Prequenza”
   is an anti-influenza vaccine for horses produced by the Volga factory;

2. the drug "Equilis Prequenza Te", manufactured by the Dutch company Intervet;
3. the Equilis Resequin vaccine, produced by the same company as the previous one.

Vaccination against dermatophytoses, which are fungal diseases. This vaccine is administered once every twelve months. The first time the drug is administered twice with a break of ten to fourteen days. The vaccine against dermatophytosis can be of two types - live and non-live. The latter differs in that the microorganisms contained in it were treated in such a way that they lost the ability to reproduce. After using live vaccines, a more intense immunity is developed, so it is better to use them in areas that are not free from this disease.

Among other things, we should not forget that at least eighty percent of the horses in one farm must be vaccinated. Otherwise, animals may get sick, even if they have received absolutely all vaccinations. This happens because a sick horse releases a lot of the pathogen, which breaks through the immune system, even one protected by vaccination.

It is also necessary to remember that almost all drugs are very sensitive and do not tolerate improper transportation and storage in unsuitable conditions. Under no circumstances should the vaccine be exposed to freezing or, conversely, to be in a place with too high an air temperature. If the bottle is opened, the contents should be used within two hours. It is best to buy the drug in such a quantity that it is enough to vaccinate all the animals in the stable, and open it immediately before administering the vaccine, which should be carried out by a veterinarian.

Vaccinations against dermatophytoses (trichophytosis and microsporia) of horses

Animals are vaccinated annually, initially twice, with an interval of 10-14 days. There are both live and inactivated vaccines. When choosing a vaccine, doctors are usually guided by the welfare of the farm. Live vaccines provide more intense immunity and are therefore recommended for areas unfavorable for this disease.

For any vaccination, there is a rule according to which the number of vaccinated horses in one stable or horse breeding farm must be at least 80%. If this percentage is less, then even a horse vaccinated according to all the rules is still at risk of getting sick if the infection is introduced from the outside. This occurs due to the fact that a sick animal very quickly releases too much of the pathogen into the external environment, and the immune system simply does not have time to produce adequate protection - antibodies. Experts call this situation a “vaccination breakthrough.” In order to prevent these incidents from happening, it is necessary to strictly follow the plan of anti-epizootic measures, and not for one specific horse, but for the livestock of the stable or club as a whole.

It is also important not to forget that most vaccines, even those that are freely sold in veterinary pharmacies, are extremely “capricious” in terms of storage and transportation conditions. They cannot be overheated or frozen; they must be used no later than two hours after opening the bottle, etc. It follows from this that it is much safer to carry out centralized purchases of the drug for the entire stable from trusted companies and resort to the services of a specialist - a veterinarian.

Some vaccinations are not mandatory, but they are recommended due to the widespread distribution of the causative agent of a disease or the increased danger of the disease for certain groups of animals in the event of an unfavorable epizootic situation in a district, region, or individual farm.

The following studies and vaccinations are possible.

Protection against dermatophytoses

Most often, veterinarians have to deal with dermatophytoses in the form of microsporia and trichophytosis. They affect the hair and skin, causing hair loss and the formation of bare, inflamed areas on the surface of the body. The primary procedure is carried out among the livestock of the stable twice with an interval between injections of two weeks. Then the vaccination must be repeated every year, vaccinating at least 80% of the total number of individuals.

Vaccinations against equine rhinopneumonia

In St. Petersburg, this vaccination is not mandatory, while in Moscow and the Moscow region this is a mandatory measure for all sports and racetrack horses; in the regions, the decision on vaccination is made depending on the epizootic situation. Vaccination must be carried out on breeding animals, and especially mares, since rhinopneumonia is one of the most likely causes of abortions in the later stages of pregnancy. Timely immunization in most cases helps prevent the clinical manifestation of the disease and increases the safety of foals. The following vaccines have been registered and approved for use in the Russian Federation:

1. Vaccine against equine rhinopneumonia (live) from the SV-69 strain of the Shchelkovo biofactory;
2. "Equilis Resequin" (inactivated), (influenza and rhinopneumonia), Intervet, Holland.

Immunization with any of these vaccines is carried out twice a year, but the administration schedule is different. The intervals between immunizations for the Equilis Resequin vaccine are every 6 months, after a basic two-time use with an interval of 4-6 weeks. For the vaccine from the SV-69 strain, the annual regimen also consists of a double dose, but with an interval of 3-4 months. For pregnant mares, twice: the first time at 1-3 months of pregnancy, again after 3-4 months, but not later than 7 months of pregnancy. Foals are vaccinated for the first time at the age of 3 months and again 3-4 weeks before weaning.

Optional vaccinations for horses

In addition to the necessary vaccinations for the horse, it is also recommended to carry out those vaccinations that are not considered mandatory, but veterinarians recommend doing them if there is a danger of contracting a particular disease. Such vaccinations include:

Respiratory fever vaccine

Breeding animals often fall ill with this fever, the danger of which is that it leads to abortion. Therefore, in order for a horse to bear foals, it is highly advisable to undergo this vaccination.

Drugs against rhinopneumonia that are registered and approved for use:

• live vaccine SV-69, produced by the Shchelkovo factory;
• non-live vaccine "Equilis Resequin", also used against influenza.

Although both rhinopneumonia vaccines are administered once every six months, their administration processes differ from each other. The first, live vaccine is administered initially twice, the interval between these vaccinations is from three to four months. The second drug is also administered twice the first time, however, the difference from the live vaccine is that the interval between applications of this vaccine is from four to six weeks.

Flu shot

Conducting an examination for the presence of brucellosis

Despite the fact that this procedure is not mandatory for horses, unlike cattle, small ruminants, pigs or camels, it is better to examine them for this disease, especially if there is an unfavorable situation on the farm due to brucellosis diseases of other animals, or if you suspect this disease. In addition, animals should be checked if the farm is considered recovered from this disease and restrictions are lifted from it.

Preventing equine tetanus

It is better to do it to absolutely all animals, because recently this infection has been spreading very quickly, and horses are very susceptible to this disease. Two official vaccines against tetanus have been registered - a drug produced by the Oryol factory and an imported one produced in Holland. When vaccinating sports horses, vaccines containing more than one microorganism can be used. For example, one drug is administered against tetanus and influenza. Vaccination with a domestic vaccine is carried out once every three to five years, and when using a Dutch drug - every two years.

Testing for tuberculosis

Conducted once every twelve months. This procedure is not a mandatory requirement, because horses suffer from this disease very rarely, and it occurs in a mild or hidden form.

Rabies vaccination for horses

Recommended for all horses, although it is not considered mandatory. Frequent cases of rabies speak for themselves; in addition, stray animals affected by this disease can attack horses, infecting them with this dangerous infection. Vaccination can be carried out using one of two drugs - domestic and produced in Holland under the name “Nobivak Rabies”. The latest vaccine can be used not only for horses, but also for any other animals.

Anti-rabies drug “Nobivak Rabies”

If the area in which the horses live is considered unfavorable for some disease, veterinarians prescribe auxiliary examinations or vaccinations.

Tetanus vaccination

Due to the widespread distribution of the causative agent of tetanus, which is a soil-borne infection in horses, the risk of infection is quite high; it is recommended to prevent the disease for all animals and in all regions. There is both a domestic vaccine (Oryol biofactory) and an imported one (Intervet, Holland). For performance horses, a polyvalent influenza and tetanus vaccine is often used, which can be very convenient in some cases. Repeated immunization is carried out every 2 years (for imported) or 3-5 years (for domestic) vaccines.

Tetanus immunization

Tetanus is a fatal disease that cannot be cured. The only way to avoid infection is routine immunization. On horse farms, immunoprophylaxis against tetanus is conditionally unchanged, that is, it is recommended for implementation. Good results in this matter can be obtained with a domestic immune drug against tetanus, which must be administered once every 3-5 years. It is customary for sporting individuals to administer an inactivated complex suspension of foreign production (Holland), which simultaneously protects against influenza pathogens.

Vaccinations against rabies

Although this treatment is not mandatory for everyone, the increasing incidence of rabies in stray animals, as well as attacks on horses in suburban areas, has made it necessary to carry out appropriate prevention of this deadly disease in some regions. Currently, to prevent rabies, either a domestically produced vaccine or the Nobivak Rabies vaccine from Intervet, Holland is used (the vaccine is common for all types of animals, the dose is the same for both dogs and horses - intramuscularly, 1 ml).

If the area is unfavorable due to any diseases, the veterinary service may carry out additional studies and treatments.

, veterinary and sanitary treatments are necessary

. They include the following.

Deworming (treatment against helminthic infestation)

It must be carried out once every six months, but in crowded conditions where horses are kept (common pastures, levadas, arenas, drinking bowls and feeders), it is recommended to carry out treatment every 3 months. It must be remembered that resistance (resistance) to drugs in helminths develops quite quickly, so you cannot use the same drugs (drugs with the same active ingredient) for several years in a row. Also, there are entire schemes for alternating drugs with a wide spectrum of action (not only against helminths and their larvae, but also against gadfly larvae and microfilariae). This provides horses with effective protection throughout the year, taking into account the summer of insects and the biological development cycle of parasites. Certificates of deworming performed are submitted to the veterinary station in the same manner as vaccination certificates, at least once every six months.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization measures

Many infectious pathologies are transmitted by insects and rodents. Therefore, their destruction is an important component in the structure of disease prevention. To rid the farm of potential carriers of infections, it is recommended to treat their territory with special substances that kill pests. These solutions must be safe for other inhabitants of the business enterprise or yard, have minimal toxicity, and act quickly and effectively. Before using such products, you must ensure that they are authentic and have a license confirming their safe use.

How to avoid complications

As for complications, in general they are minimal, since modern production of biological products has made great progress, and vaccines have become more purified and safe. In general, in order to reduce all risks of adverse consequences to a minimum, you need to pay attention to the following:

• animals must be clinically healthy before vaccination;
• body temperature - within 37.5-38.5°C;
• there should be no signs of infectious diseases;
• there should be no signs of allergies, colic or other acute diseases;
• chronic diseases should not be in the acute stage (emphysema, etc.);
• the use of corticosteroids, antibiotics and other potent drugs should be discontinued in advance.

If, after vaccination, the horse is supposed to be given a rest for a couple of days, although this is not at all necessary, since most modern vaccines are well purified, contain a minimal amount of adjuvant and are tolerated by horses without any signs of illness, then this should necessarily affect the level of its feeding. This is especially true for concentrates (oats, porridge, muesli, etc.). During the rest period, it is advisable to, if not completely remove such foods from the diet, then at least significantly reduce their feeding rate (to 300-500 g per feeding). Otherwise, it would be inappropriate to blame the development of laminitis (rheumatic inflammation of the hooves) or paralytic myoglobinuria on vaccination.

Prevention of complications after vaccination

Many people are afraid of complications that may arise after the necessary vaccinations for a horse have been completed. Most often they do not happen, because at the moment the vaccines are carefully purified. But since there is still a minimal risk, it is better to play it safe and check the following points:

• before vaccinating a horse, you need to make sure that it is not sick;
• There should be no signs of equine colic or allergic reactions;
• the horse's body temperature must not be lower than 37.5 degrees Celsius and not exceed 38.5 degrees;
• if the horse suffers from chronic diseases, they should not be aggravated during vaccination;
• Before receiving the vaccine, you should stop using strong drugs such as antibiotics.

You can give the animal a few days of rest after vaccination. This point is optional as vaccines are now safe and very well purified. Horses generally tolerate vaccination normally, however, if the owners still decide to give the animal a rest, it is imperative to reconsider the diet. It is better to exclude oats and various cereals from the menu, but if it is not possible to do without them completely, then you need to at least reduce their consumption to three hundred or, at most, five hundred grams.

Check-up after vaccination

Routine vaccinations and studies

• Anthrax - vaccination once a year;
• Glanders, INAN, breeding disease - study once or twice a year;
• Leptospirosis - examination or vaccination 2 times a year, interval 6 months;
• Dermatophytosis - vaccination once a year;
• Flu - vaccination once a year;
• Rhinopneumonia - vaccination twice a year, interval 3-4 months;
• Brucellosis - examination once a year;
• Tetanus - vaccination every two years;
• Tubesculosis - examination once a year;
• Rabies - vaccination once a year.
  Sources:
  1. kohuku.ru