What is a distillate?
Distillate is water that is almost completely purified from salts and other organic substances.
This type of mixture is characterized by the following:
low specific electrical conductivity (poorly conducts electric current or does not conduct it at all);- slightly acidic environment (presence of carbon dioxide);
- the beginning of boiling at a temperature exceeding 100C;
- the onset of freezing at temperatures well below 0C (turns into ice at temperatures of -10C and below).
Organic matter has not been completely removed from distilled water. It contains gases. There, oxygen, carbon, as well as nitrogen with argon and a small amount of other substances are present in small concentrations.
General description of injection liquid
This composition is sterile. It is used for the manufacture of medicinal mixtures and is characterized by the following properties:
- complete absence of microorganisms;
- use as a drug solvent;
- strict production conditions with mandatory treatment of containers with hot steam;
- short shelf life;
- special conditions under which storage is carried out.
Injection water is tasteless and colorless. This liquid has no odor.
Requirements for water for injection
The pH value of injection water should not be higher than 5.0-7.0. The concentration of microorganisms in 1 ml is no more than 100. It must be pyrogen-free (devoid of substances that cause an increase in temperature when injecting liquid into the body), with a normalized ammonia content. In water that meets the requirements, the presence of sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, calcium, nitrates, carbon dioxide and reducing substances is unacceptable.
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Differences
The compositions differ according to two criteria . The first of them is production technology. The second difference lies in the chemical structure.
By receipt and production
There are differences in the production of distilled and injection water. Distillate is obtained by distilling water. It is pre-evaporated, after which the resulting vapors are cooled.
At the last stage, the vapors condense, i.e. turn back into a liquid state. The entire process is called distillation .
Water for injection is obtained in the same way, but it is more complicated. In addition, the water is first purified from various impurities. After this, it is distilled.
The production of injection water is more careful. Upon receipt, all vessels and containers are repeatedly treated with hot steam. Impurities and organic inclusions are more thoroughly removed from such a mixture.
It is produced under sterile conditions . In its manufacture, special aseptic blocks are used. Water distillers are also involved in the process.
Distillate production has less stringent requirements. This composition cannot be cleaned in aseptic blocks. It's unsterile.
By chemical composition
Distillate and injection water differ markedly in their internal structure. In the first, the presence of gases is allowed.
The distillate contains both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also, distilled water may contain argon with nitrogen.
Other gases may also be present in low concentrations in such a solution. It is not a completely purified composition. It may contain low concentrations of salts.
The injection liquid is completely sterile . It does not contain any inclusions. When processed in an aseptic unit, gases are removed from such a mixture. It contains a negligible number of microorganisms.
What is water for injection
Liquid for injection can be used as a carrier of the main drug (parenteral use) or as a diluting agent for infusion and injection solutions with inappropriate concentrations. Water is produced in the form of glass or polymer fiber ampoules of various filling volumes. Intended, among other things, for external use: wetting dressings, washing wounds and mucous membranes. Medical instruments are soaked and washed in injection water during the sterilization process.
Compound
Sterile water has no taste, color or smell. In a special way, the composition of water for injection is purified from all inclusions: gases, salts, biological components, as well as any microimpurities. This is achieved in two stages. The first is purification by reverse osmosis, during which organic inclusions are separated from water. The second is distillation: the liquid is converted into a vapor state and then returned to its original form. In this way, maximum purity is achieved. Injection water does not have pharmacological activity.
Indications
Used for the preparation of sterile injection solutions from dry matter (powders, concentrates, lyophilisates). Can be used to prepare infusions for subcutaneous, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The dosage and method of administration are determined by the drug to be diluted (the manufacturer prescribes these features in the instructions for the drug). The only universal rule is that water must be used under aseptic conditions from the moment the ampoule is opened until the syringes are filled.
Contraindications
Although water is considered a universal solvent, there are preparations that involve the use of another type of liquid. For example, saline solution, oil solvents, etc. These kinds of features must be prescribed in the instructions for the diluted medicinal product. The injection liquid cannot be mixed with preparations for external use, since they use a different type of solvent.
Interchangeability
Both types are not interchangeable. It is not allowed to replace a distillate with a solution that was originally intended to dilute a specific type of medicine.
Distilled water is not completely free of impurities.
Its addition as a solvent for a number of drugs is a gross violation of technology. This mixture must not be used for treatment as it is non-sterile.
Water for injection has a rather narrow application. This composition could potentially be used instead of purified water, but due to the technological thoroughness of production, it is used only for specific purposes.
The uses of distilled water are much wider. But using it to dissolve a certain type of medicine is strictly prohibited.
Sodium chloride 0.9% 2ml 10 pcs. solution for injection ampoule
pharmachologic effect
Detoxifying.
Composition and release form Sodium chloride 0.9% 2ml 10 pcs. solution for injection ampoule
Solution for infusion:
- Active ingredients: sodium chloride - 9 g;
- Excipients: water for injection - up to 1 l.
Description of the dosage form
Transparent colorless liquid.
Directions for use and doses
IV drip, externally.
Before administration, the solution is heated to 36–38 °C. The dose is determined depending on the body’s loss of fluid, Na+ and Cl−, and averages 1000 ml/day. In case of large fluid losses and severe intoxication, it is possible to administer up to 3000 ml/day. The rate of administration is 540 ml/h; if necessary, the rate of administration is increased.
For children with dehydration, expressed in a decrease in blood pressure (without determining laboratory parameters), 20–30 ml/kg is administered. Subsequently, the dosage regimen is adjusted depending on laboratory parameters. With long-term administration of large doses of isotonic sodium chloride solution, it is necessary to monitor the content of electrolytes in plasma and urine.
Isotonic sodium chloride solution is used to wash wounds, eyes, nasal mucosa, and moisten dressings.
Pharmacodynamics
Has a detoxifying and rehydrating effect. Replenishes sodium deficiency in various pathological conditions. A 0.9% sodium chloride solution is isotonic with human plasma and therefore is quickly cleared from the vascular bed, only temporarily increasing the volume of blood volume (effectiveness for blood loss and shock is insufficient).
Pharmacokinetics
Sodium concentration is 142 mmol/L (plasma) and 145 mmol/L (interstitial fluid), chloride concentration is 101 mmol/L (interstitial fluid). Excreted by the kidneys.
Indications for use Sodium chloride 0.9% 2ml 10 pcs. solution for injection ampoule
- large losses of extracellular fluid or insufficient supply (toxic dyspepsia, cholera, diarrhea, “uncontrollable” vomiting, extensive burns with severe exudation, etc.);
- hypochloremia and hyponatremia with dehydration;
- intestinal obstruction;
- intoxication;
- washing wounds, eyes, nasal mucosa, dissolving and diluting drugs and moisturizing dressings.
Contraindications
- hypernatremia;
- acidosis;
- hyperchloremia;
- hypokalemia;
- extracellular hyperhydration;
- intracellular dehydration;
- circulatory disorders that threaten cerebral and pulmonary edema;
- cerebral edema;
- pulmonary edema;
- acute left ventricular failure;
- concomitant administration of large doses of corticosteroids.
Carefully:
- renal failure;
- heart failure;
- oligo- and anuria.
Application Sodium chloride 0.9% 2ml 10 pcs. solution for injection ampoules during pregnancy and lactation
In children, sodium excretion may slow down due to immature kidney function. Therefore, in such patients, repeated infusions should be carried out only after determining the plasma sodium concentration.
special instructions
It is possible to freeze the drug provided that the container remains sealed. Non-wetting of the inner surface of the bottles is not a contraindication to the use of the drug.
Overdose
There are no data on drug overdose.
Side effects Sodium chloride 0.9% 2ml 10 pcs. solution for injection ampoule
Acidosis, overhydration, hypokalemia.
Drug interactions
When mixing with other drugs, it is necessary to visually check compatibility.
Cases when only one or the other is needed
Distilled solutions are used in the manufacture of non-sterile medicines. These can be various syrups and tinctures. They are also used to prepare liquid products for treating leather. However, such compositions should not come into contact with skin that has wounds .
Distilled water is used in the manufacture of tablets, capsules, powders, sprays and medicinal suppositories. This composition is also used in the production of ointments for treating skin that does not have wounds.
The distillate is also used in the production of sterile drugs. These may include rinses, eye drops, and ointments.
For the manufacture of solutions intended for injection, only a sterile aqueous base is used. Distilled mixtures are not used in such cases.
All the most important and useful information about distilled water is in this section.
