Everyone knows that preventing a disease is easier than treating it. Especially when it comes to such serious infections as hepatitis, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus and a number of others. To prevent these diseases, vaccination is carried out all over the world. Kazakhstan is no exception.
Mandatory vaccination calendar in Kazakhstan. What vaccinations are given to children in Kazakhstan (vaccination plan, vaccination calendar)? At what age are children vaccinated? What vaccinations do newborns receive in the maternity hospital? Scheduled vaccines of the Republic of Kazakhstan. When to get BCG vaccinations, DTP vaccinations and others (vaccination schedule in the Republic of Kazakhstan)? How to properly prepare a child for vaccination? What are the possible reactions to the vaccine? What should parents do when returning home from the clinic after vaccination? Should children be vaccinated (pros and cons)? Is it possible to refuse vaccination? How much do childhood vaccinations cost at private vaccination centers? Where can I get my child vaccinated? These questions concern all parents in Kazakhstan.
Everything about the “children’s” vaccination calendar in Kazakhstan, the vaccination protocol for children in Kazakhstan, all vaccinations from birth to adulthood and a sample vaccination card in the Republic of Kazakhstan are in our article.
National vaccination calendar for children (Kazakhstan)
According to the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 2295 dated December 30, 2009 and with amendments and additions dated February 12, 2013, routine preventive vaccinations for children are carried out in accordance with the National Vaccination Calendar of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All mandatory vaccinations are provided free of charge, at the expense of budgetary funds.
Immunoprophylaxis in Kazakhstan occupies a special place. For the purpose of the epidemic well-being of children and the population as a whole, as well as to prevent infection, the Vaccination Calendar was developed and approved. Immunity is a biological process that is formed at the cellular level after the introduction of a vaccine into the body. As practice shows, in people who have been infected and become ill, despite having been vaccinated, the disease is mild, and complications and deaths are rare.
All mandatory vaccinations (in the public clinic or in the private clinic to which the child is assigned) are given free of charge, at the expense of budgetary funds.
Thus, children in Kazakhstan will receive mandatory preventive vaccinations free of charge at the clinic to which the child is assigned. Their list was approved by a resolution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Free vaccinations are:
- from tuberculosis (BCG),
- against hepatitis,
- polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP),
- Haemophilus influenzae type b infection,
- as well as a vaccine against pneumococcal infection,
- against measles, rubella and mumps (mumps).
For a fee (for your money), your child will be vaccinated in private clinics.
For vaccination, drugs of both domestic and foreign production are used. The only condition is the presence of registration and certificate of the National Center for Expertise of Medicines. Vaccinations are recommended only in medical institutions, since all vaccines require special storage conditions.
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Despite the fact that the Child Vaccination Calendar in Kazakhstan provides for certain dates for certain vaccinations, the final decision on the time of vaccination is made by the local pediatrician. This is due to the characteristics of the child’s immune system: when a vaccine is administered, the body must be ready to produce the necessary antibodies and tolerate the “vaccine disease” in the mildest form.
Otherwise (if the vaccination is done ahead of schedule), the child’s body, due to immature immunity, will not be able to properly respond to the vaccine.
Delaying vaccination exposes the child to the risk of “catching” the disease.
So, when is it recommended to vaccinate children (schedule)? Scheduled vaccines of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- The first ones - still in the maternity hospital, in days 1 - 4 of life - are vaccinated against tuberculosis (BCG) and hepatitis B.
- At 2 months, babies receive a comprehensive vaccination against hepatitis, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b, as well as a vaccine against pneumococcal infection.
- At 3 months, repeat vaccinations are given against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DPT), polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
- The last vaccinations up to a year - at 4 months - the 3rd stage of vaccination against hepatitis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b and whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as the 2nd vaccination against pneumococcal infection.
- At the age of 12-15 months, you will need to get vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps (mumps), repeat vaccination against polio and pneumococcal infection;
- at 1.5 years - revaccination of DPT, polio and hemophilus influenzae type b. Several more vaccinations await children of school age:
- at 6 years old (in 1st grade), BCG, measles, rubella and mumps vaccination and DTP are given again;
- 16 years old - vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria (ADS-m), which will then need to be repeated every 10 years.
Let's take a closer look at some of the vaccinations:
BCG vaccination, Mantoux test
BCG (Bacillus Calmette - Guérin - Bacillus Calmette - Guérin) is a vaccine against tuberculosis. The vaccination is done twice: on days 1-4 of life while still in the maternity hospital and revaccination at 6 years of age.
The vaccine is injected intradermally into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder. After vaccination, a characteristic keloid scar remains.
Reaction to vaccination: at the site of BCG injection, a specific reaction develops in the form of a papule with a diameter of 5-10 mm. In newborns, a normal reaction appears after 4-6 weeks (with revaccination - 1-2 weeks). The reverse development of the reaction lasts 2-3 months (sometimes more). A local specific reaction gradually develops in the form of infiltration, pustules, papules up to 1 cm in diameter, in place of which a superficial scar should form.
The site of the reaction must be protected from mechanical damage, especially when bathing the baby. In addition to BCG, children under 18 years of age undergo an annual tuberculin test (Mantoux test). It should be remembered that the Mantoux test is not a vaccination, but a kind of intradermal test that shows the presence of tuberculosis in the body. The immune response is assessed after 2 days (but no later than a week after the test).
If the skin reaction is positive (induration 10-15 mm), contact with the pathogen is assumed, but this does not indicate the presence of the disease. A reaction less than 5 mm does not matter; more than 5 mm does not give a clear diagnostic picture.
DTP vaccination
DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) is a combined vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. After 3 vaccinations, which are given to children under one year of age (at 2, 3 and 4 months) and the 4th vaccination at 18 months, stable immunity is formed: for 10 years - against diphtheria and tetanus, for 5-7 years - against whooping cough.
DTP vaccination in Kazakhstan, where it is given. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly and is usually placed in the upper thigh.
DTP is the vaccination that causes the most controversy, whether to do it or not. It's all about its high reactogenicity.
The most common reactions are fever, pain, redness and swelling at the site of vaccine administration, loss of appetite, crying, restlessness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Similar reactions are observed in 15-25% of children (excluding preparation of children for vaccination). In general, mild side effects are a sign of the effectiveness of the developing immunity, so this is a variant of the norm and you should not be afraid of such reactions.
And to minimize side effects, mothers need to know how to prepare their child for vaccination and what to do after the vaccine is administered.
- 2 days before vaccination, antiallergic drugs are usually prescribed, most often Fenistil New (sweet drops for oral administration, dosage according to the instructions).
- Do not rush to leave the clinic or medical center. Sit for 20-30 minutes near the office. Firstly, this will help you calm down, and secondly, it will allow you to quickly provide help in case of immediate allergic reactions to the vaccine.
- On the day of vaccination, immediately upon arrival from the clinic, give your baby a special baby candle with an antipyretic effect or give ibuprofen (dosage according to the instructions for the drug). If the temperature rises, put another candle, and be sure to put one at night or ibuprofen (according to the instructions). Give antipyretics without waiting for the temperature to rise. Continue giving the antihistamine.
- Over the next 1-2 days, monitor the baby’s condition and measure the temperature regularly. If it increases, administer an antipyretic. Continue taking antihistamines.
Neither antihistamines nor antipyretics have any effect on the effectiveness of the vaccine.
What vaccinations are mandatory for children: list
All relatives of many children often feel that doctors give too many vaccinations to young children. But, with every decade, new dangerous diseases appear, claiming the lives of millions of people. There is a vaccination schedule or schedule starting from birth until age 18. What vaccinations do children need to have? Here is the list:
- Hepatitis group B
- BCG
- DTP
- Mumps
- Tuberculosis
- Diphtheria
- Polio
- Measles
- Rubella
- Haemophilus influenzae infection
As you can see, this list is small. Many vaccines are combined and the baby is given one vaccination that protects against several diseases. For example, DTP - whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus.
And a few more tips from medical practitioners:
- in 3-1 days. before vaccination, on the day of vaccination the next day, do not introduce new foods or complementary foods into the child’s diet;
- if the child has not had a bowel movement during the day before the planned vaccination, give a glycerin suppository or a cleansing enema - constipation increases the risk of adverse reactions;
- if you give your baby vitamin D, stop taking it 2-3 days before vaccination and do not give it 5 days after;
- For temperatures above 37.3˚ (up to 38˚), use liquid medications (for example, ibuprofen). Take antipyretics without waiting for the temperature to rise;
- if the temperature is elevated, the amount of food should be limited, give plenty to drink (warm drinks), monitor the room temperature (not higher than 20˚) and humidity (50-70%);
- protect your child from colds, vaccination itself is a test for the body, but if you also catch a cold, the baby will have a hard time; for this purpose, it is not recommended to walk outside on the first day after vaccination if it is cool;
- It is better to refrain from swimming for 2 days after vaccination.
Briefly about hepatitis A
Vaccinations are given to both adults and children
Hepatitis A is an infectious disease caused by a virus of the Hepatovirus genus, which has an RNA genome. The pathogen itself is quite stable and can easily exist in an environment at a temperature of +4 degrees Celsius for several months.
At a more favorable temperature, for example, at 20 degrees below zero, it can maintain its viability for years
Given this ability to exist in the environment and the presence of various routes of transmission from infected to healthy, in medicine there is the practice of vaccination against the disease to prevent the emergence of an epidemic and mass infection of people.
How to get permission to vaccinate
A prerequisite for admission to vaccination is that the child must be healthy.
Before the first DTP vaccination, it is necessary to undergo an examination by a pediatric neurologist and obtain permission from the neurologist for vaccination, and also undergo general urine and blood tests.
Before vaccination, the child must be examined by the attending pediatrician. Not only general clinical indicators (temperature, absence of complaints), but also the mother’s opinion are important - if the baby slept poorly, was capricious, there are changes in behavior and appetite, then it is better to postpone vaccination for now.
An additional safety net will be a general blood test (particular attention should be paid to ESR and platelets).
Vaccinations: pros and cons
To vaccinate or not to vaccinate a child? This is the question that has been worrying many parents lately. In the media and on the Internet, you can increasingly find information about the dangers of vaccination, and some mothers refuse vaccinations, using their legal right (vaccination is carried out only with the consent of the child’s parents or guardians). The refusal must be made in writing. In the wording of the refusal there is a phrase that the parents take full responsibility for the child’s health and have no complaints against the medical staff. Think about whether you are ready for this.
You need to be aware that the consequences can be very sad if the child does get sick. In addition, you may be banned from entering a number of countries, and subsequently your child may be refused employment if there is a high risk of infectious diseases there. Also, unvaccinated children should be suspended from school or kindergarten if there is a threat of an epidemic or widespread infectious diseases are observed.
