M-M-P II, vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella live culture

Three common childhood infections - measles, rubella and mumps - are viral and therefore highly contagious. These viruses are not capable of infecting species other than humans. Infection usually occurs through airborne droplets, or through personal contact with an already sick or infected person. Both measles, rubella, and mumps affect young children, mainly under 10 years of age. A particularly large number of cases occur in 5-7 year old children.

- Measles. Measles, one of the most contagious of all human infections, used to be a very common childhood illness. In most cases it was impossible to recover from it without serious complications. In severe cases, however, measles can lead to pneumonia and in about 1 in 1,000 cases it can lead to encephalitis (inflammation in the brain) or death. The risk of these severe complications is highest for the very young and very old. In pregnant women, measles increases the rate of miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformations of the fetus.

- Pig. In about 15% of cases, mumps (mumps) affects the lining of the brain and spinal cord, although it is usually not harmful in the long run. Testicular tumors occur in 20-30% of men who have reached puberty, although infertility is rare. Deafness in one ear occurs in one in 20,000 mumps patients.

- Rubella (German measles). Rubella infects children or adults and causes a mild form of illness that includes a rash, swollen lymph nodes, and sometimes fever. However, if a pregnant woman is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy, her baby has an 80% chance of developing serious birth defects, including heart abnormalities, cataracts, mental retardation and deafness.

The need for rubella vaccination

Rubella is an infectious disease caused by a virus. The incubation period for development after infection with a pathogenic microorganism ranges from two weeks to 24 days. A person begins to secrete the virus a week before the first symptoms appear. Rubella is easily tolerated by children. There may be a slight increase in temperature, symptoms of intoxication, a rash on the skin, the disease rarely causes complications.

Epidemiologists associate the need to vaccinate people against the rubella virus with the fact that this disease is especially dangerous for a pregnant woman. If the virus enters the fetal tissue through the placenta, then the following may be detected in the newborn baby:

• heart and eye defects;
• microcephaly;
• deafness;
• mental retardation.

If infection occurs in the first four weeks of pregnancy, the risk of developing defects reaches 60%. Therefore, the rubella vaccination is done primarily in order to interrupt the circulation of the virus among people and thus prevent infection of the expectant mother. Vaccinations are not always carried out in childhood. But this does not mean that older people do not need immunization.

The development of rubella in adulthood is more difficult to tolerate, the symptoms of intoxication are more pronounced, and complications in the form of encephalitis may occur. The vaccine is given to unvaccinated adults with the aim of completely eliminating the infection.

Why you shouldn't ignore the mumps vaccine

Parotitis in a child

Like measles and rubella, mumps infection is caused by viral agents and is more often diagnosed in children. The disease spreads aerogenously and is manifested by inflammation of the parotid and salivary glands, which changes the contours of the child's face, making it swollen in the lower part.

The incubation period for mumps lasts about 10-14 days. The first signs of the disease include:

• increase in temperature indicators;
• an increase in symptoms of general intoxication in a person;
• pain and swelling in the area of ​​the submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands.

Like rubella, mumps can hardly be called a dangerous disease. But often after it complications arise that can cause irreparable harm. Among these negative consequences of the disease are:

• inflammation of the testicles in boys with the formation of infertility;
• damage to the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands;
• deterioration in the functioning of the pancreas with the development of diabetes mellitus;
• septic conditions, in particular serous meningitis.

Vaccination dates

Rubella vaccination, when is vaccination done and how long does immunity last? Vaccination of the population is carried out only with drugs that have passed clinical trials.

Monitoring vaccinated people and determining the level of their antibodies to rubella made it possible to establish that

:

• in a small proportion of people immunity remains for life;
• in approximately 95% of unvaccinated people, immunity against rubella works during the first 15-20 years after vaccination;
• For some, antibodies are not activated after the first vaccination.

In this regard, a unified vaccination plan for the population has been developed and is being used in Russia:

• The first vaccination against rubella is carried out at 6 years of age;
• revaccination at 6 and 15-17 years of age.

Giving children the first and second vaccinations allows them to be reliably protected from rubella before puberty. Then immunity gradually decreases, so after 15 years another vaccination is necessary. Vaccination dates may be postponed for medical reasons.

After reaching 18 years of age and up to 35-40 years of age, all women are given the vaccine if 5 or more years have passed since the last vaccination against rubella.

How many times should the rubella vaccine be given during a lifetime? The official vaccination calendar provides for three-time vaccination against the rubella virus, but vaccination can be carried out more often if indicated. The World Health Organization recommends that adults be vaccinated every 10 years.

Vaccination and pregnancy

If a girl plans to become pregnant and was given a booster vaccination against rubella more than 5 years ago, then the vaccine should be administered at least 30-35 days before the expected conception. It happens that vaccination is carried out at the moment when a woman is already carrying a child.

Doctors do not consider this an indication for medical abortion. indications, since long-term observations have not established the birth of children with congenital pathologies from those mothers who were vaccinated after conception.

In order to reduce the risk of rubella infection in pregnant women, the vaccine should be given:

• men planning conception with their partner;
• unvaccinated relatives living in the same territory.

It must be remembered that the higher the crowding of people in one area, the higher the likelihood of contracting airborne infections, which include rubella.

Types of rubella vaccines

Vaccines against the rubella virus are based on artificially weakened viral components.

They cannot cause disease; vaccination only leads to the active production of antibodies to the infectious pathogen.

People are vaccinated against rubella using different types of vaccines.

It is customary for children in Russia to receive a multicomponent vaccine. Some parents believe that the single-component composition of the drugs acts more gently and at the same time reduces the risk of developing unwanted reactions.

On the one hand, this is true, but the body recovers faster and the immune system suffers less when a child receives several weakened viruses at once.

Vaccination of children and approved revaccination of adults is free of charge.

Video on the topic

Dr. Komarovsky about possible complications of vaccination:

Currently, many parents refuse to vaccinate their children. Experts say that this will lead to an increase in the number of cases of infection of children and adults, even leading to an epidemic.

There are rare cases when a child needs medical attention after a PDA injection. If you actually encounter even one of the infections, the chances of ending up in the hospital due to severe complications are tens of times higher. Vaccination is the only way to protect yourself from such highly contagious diseases.

Features of vaccination

Before vaccination, the child must be examined by a pediatrician. Fever, colds, and diarrhea are temporary contraindications for vaccinations. Combination vaccines are given into the muscle.

At the age of one year, children are usually given an injection in the thigh; at an older age, it can be given in the shoulder muscle or under the shoulder blade.

The rubella vaccine cannot be given in the buttock, since due to the well-developed layer of subcutaneous fat, the rate of absorption of viral particles is weakened.

Vaccination should be carried out observing the following rules:

• vaccine injections are administered only by a specially trained health worker;
• vaccinations are given strictly in the treatment room under aseptic conditions;
• It is necessary to use only disposable syringes with a thin needle;
• before and after the injection, the injection site is treated with a skin antiseptic;

  

• the ampoule with the vaccine is opened immediately before use;
• a change in the color of the solution in the ampoule is unacceptable; if this happens, the drug is immediately thrown away;
• After receiving the vaccine, the patient must remain under staff supervision for at least 30 minutes.

After vaccination, pediatricians usually recommend not going out for walks on the first day and try to avoid crowded places for a week or two.

How is the vaccine tolerated?

Preparations for immunization against mumps are generally accepted by the child’s body well, although they contain weakened living microorganisms. If symptoms of an immune response do appear, this happens a week after vaccination, and after another 2 weeks they reach a peak and begin to subside. The following manifestations are possible:

• a short increase in body temperature that lasts no more than 2 days;
• runny nose and redness in the throat;
• slight dilation of the parotid and salivary glands, which disappears after 1-3 days;

  

• sometimes the central nervous system is affected with signs of meningitis, that is, weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting and convulsions;
• allergic reaction - it mainly occurs in children who are susceptible to food allergies or intolerance to certain foods or medications.

Any such vaccines contain weakened microorganisms, which, when they enter the body, are attacked by the immune system, and the production of antibodies begins. As a rule, children do not experience severe complications from this vaccine. In order to consider how the measles, rubella, mumps vaccine is tolerated, you need to consider possible adverse reactions:

1. Redness of the injection site and enlarged lymph nodes.
2. A slight increase in temperature, which returns to normal after 24-48 hours.

   

3. The presence of a rash in the form of small reddish or purple spots.
4. Allergy to the rubella component, joint pain that manifests itself at rest or with light exertion. This reaction occurs extremely rarely.

What to do if rashes appear on the body?

A small rash, colored in various shades of pink, almost indistinguishable from the main color of the skin, resembles that which occurs when infected with measles. In most cases, the rashes are localized on the face, neck, arms, and torso, in separate areas or over large areas of the skin.

Such manifestations do not require any manipulation on the part of parents. They go away on their own, so there is no need to treat the skin with creams or brilliant green.

A child with a rash that appears after a KKP vaccination is not contagious to others.

Reaction to vaccination

The measles component of a multicomponent vaccine has the greatest reactogenicity, that is, it causes specific conditions in the body. Among the most common reactions, doctors identify local redness or swelling at the injection site, which should subside over the next few days, coughing 6-11 days after vaccination, decreased appetite, nosebleeds, increased body temperature ranging from 37.2 to 39 degrees, rashes starting from the scalp and gradually moving to the torso.

The main complications of the measles component of a multicomponent vaccination include reactions that may appear 6-11 days after vaccination.

Among them, the most common toxic reaction occurs when the child has a fever, his body temperature rises, the lymph nodes are inflamed, his throat is sore, weakness is pronounced and there is a rash on the body.

Such symptoms go away no later than 5 days after their onset. Less commonly, convulsions occur as a complication, and post-vaccination encephalitis may develop. There are also allergic reactions in different forms - from mild to severe (Quincke's edema). The mumps component of the vaccine is usually easily tolerated by children. Reactions to this component occur on day 8 and can progress until days 14-16. Complications from mumps vaccination are extremely rare and are much more easily tolerated than the measles component.

Toxic reactions are accompanied by a rise in temperature and a general deterioration in health. Allergic reactions occur only in those who are susceptible to allergic reactions. Damages to the nervous system with the mumps component are rare and are expressed in the occurrence of meningitis.

What to do to avoid consequences in the post-vaccination period?

There are relatively few rules of behavior after vaccination:

1. do not leave the clinic area for half an hour after the injection, trying to avoid being in a room with a large number of people. It is better to spend the indicated time outside. It is during this period that the risk of developing anaphylactic reactions to the vaccine is highest;
2. under favorable weather conditions, do not sit at home, but go for a walk in the fresh air;
3. It is permissible to swim after immunization, but not in the bath, but in the shower. It is better to put aside sponges and washcloths so as not to accidentally rub the injection site;
4. refuse new foods and dishes for at least a week, so as not to provoke allergic reactions;
5. try to avoid contact with people - to do this, you should avoid visiting cafes, cinemas, shopping malls, shops and other similar places.

And of course, you should carefully study the list of contraindications in advance, and if you suspect their presence, inform your doctor about it. Parents often think about whether to vaccinate their child with a domestic vaccine or give preference to a foreign one (Priorix, MMR2, etc.).

Priorix vaccine

Assessing the opinion of experts, as well as studying the reviews of mothers, allows us to assert that both Russian and foreign drugs have the same effectiveness and frequency of adverse reactions. The domestic vaccination is less convenient only because you have to give two injections in different parts of the body (there is no three-component vaccine).

Possible complications

The absence of local and general complications with any vaccination depends on how carefully the rules for administering vaccines are followed. In some cases, immunization causes:

• hyperemia and pain at the injection site;
• enlargement of regional lymph nodes;
• weakness, fever, moodiness;

  

• joint pain, which is usually diagnosed in older children and adults.

If all contraindications are not taken into account before vaccination, small reddish spots may appear on the body, which disappear on their own within three to four days. The development of allergies and Quincke's edema cannot be ruled out. If immunization was given to a patient with severe immunodeficiency (HIV, AIDS), then the development of rubella cannot be ruled out.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (systemic allergic reaction, for example, anaphylactic shock, angioedema - Quincke's edema), including to aminoglycosides, chicken or quail egg white, severe reaction or complications to the previous dose, primary and secondary immunodeficiency conditions, malignant blood diseases, neoplasms , pregnancy.

Notes:

• A history of contact dermatitis caused by an aminoglycoside antibiotic (neomycin) and a non-anaphylactic allergic reaction to chicken (quail) eggs are not a contraindication to vaccination!
• The drug can be administered to persons with asymptomatic HIV infection, as well as to patients with AIDS!
• Vaccination is postponed until the end of acute manifestations of the disease and exacerbation of chronic diseases. For mild ARVI, acute intestinal diseases, etc., vaccinations can be carried out immediately after the temperature has normalized!

Vaccination schedule and site of administration

Measles, rubella, mumps - a vaccine abbreviated as MMR, which is a comprehensive vaccination against these three diseases. All injections are carried out by pediatricians in accordance with the National Vaccination Calendar, as well as individual adjustments related to the child’s condition.

More often this is associated with illnesses and allergic reactions.

In such cases, the vaccination is postponed (a medical withdrawal is made) to another, sometimes quite long, period. But in any case, doctors recommend that you never refuse vaccination, and if your condition improves, you must undergo the procedure. If everything is fine with the baby, then he receives the first vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, according to the vaccination schedule, when he reaches 12 months.

Repeated vaccination is carried out upon reaching the age of 6, provided that the child has not had any of these diseases. Sometimes it becomes necessary to get vaccinated before the required age, for example, when traveling abroad with a child. In such cases, to protect the little person from these dangerous serious diseases, the child is vaccinated earlier after consultation with the pediatrician. The injection is given subcutaneously either in the area under the shoulder blade or in the deltoid region of the shoulder.

Should you get vaccinated?

Rubella is a viral infectious disease that is transmitted from person to person. Its symptoms themselves do not pose a potential threat to life; they lead to the formation of a specific rash and general intoxication, while stable immunity to the pathogen is formed.

The danger of this disease lies in its teratogenic effect. It is extremely dangerous for pregnant women and the unborn child, as it causes deformities and developmental abnormalities.

The most effective way to protect against this infection is the rubella vaccine.

Whether vaccination against rubella is necessary, each person decides for himself. But if he wants to protect himself and his child from infection, he must be vaccinated. This is especially true for women of childbearing age who want to give birth and raise a healthy baby in the next 10 years. Considering that the body of a pregnant woman with a weakened immune system will not be able to fight the infection, preventive measures should be taken in advance. This also applies to the man living with her.

With vaccinations for children, the situation is more complicated, since many parents now refuse vaccinations altogether. Yes, a child tolerates rubella relatively easily, but he comes into contact with many people, including pregnant women and people with chronic diseases and allergies, so it is better to protect both him and those around him from possible complications.