Is vaccination required for kindergarten? Mandatory and additional vaccinations

Is vaccination necessary before entering kindergarten?

Entering kindergarten is not only an opportunity for socialization for a child, but also the danger of encountering various infections that surround a person.

Preventive vaccination can protect against them. In kindergartens, infections are spread through household methods:

• through toys;
• inventory.

Many viruses cause severe forms of illness and are dangerous with serious complications.
Important! If a vaccinated child becomes infected in kindergarten, the disease will be mild and without complications.
Read more about whether vaccinations are required in kindergarten and how to write a refusal here.

Consultation for parents “The importance of immunoprophylaxis”

medical examination, and, if necessary, medical examination before preventive vaccinations, receiving qualified medical care in state and municipal healthcare organizations in the event of post-vaccination complications;

social support in case of post-vaccination complications;

Lack of preventive vaccinations entails:

a ban on citizens traveling to countries where, in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties of the Russian Federation, their stay requires specific preventive vaccinations;

temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of the occurrence of mass infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics;

refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases. The list of works, the performance of which requires mandatory vaccinations, is established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government.

Vaccinations are given exclusively against infectious diseases, the most severe, dangerous ones that can cause severe complications, as well as against those diseases that affect many people at the same time:

• exclusively childhood diseases: whooping cough, diphtheria, rubella, measles, mumps, polio, etc.;

• “all age-related” infections: tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, tetanus, influenza;

• diseases of the region: tick-borne encephalitis;

• diseases of exotic countries (for tourists): viral hepatitis A, etc.

Purpose of vaccination

Formation of immunity (immunity) to a disease when a weakened or killed pathogen microbe is introduced into the body. As a result, special substances (antibodies) and cells are produced that can neutralize the real pathogen when infected.

If there were no vaccinations

• Measles: chance of death: 1 in 100, disability: 5 in 100.

• Whooping cough: high risk of brain inflammation.

• Polio: high risk of paralysis and disability.

• Tuberculosis: long-term treatment, severe complications.

• Mumps (mumps): development of infertility.

• Rubella: birth of a disabled child.

• Hepatitis: high risk of severe liver damage, cancer.

• Influenza: Severe complications of the heart, brain, lungs, especially in the elderly, young children and people with chronic diseases.

“Should I vaccinate my child or not?”

Practicing doctors are clear in their opinions - vaccinations are necessary. This is necessary, first of all, in order to protect the baby both from the disease and from its negative consequences. Preventive vaccination is one of the ways to contain epidemics. Every country in the world has its own preventive vaccination plan. Differences in plans depend on which diseases are more common in that country.

What laws exist in Russia?

The regulatory framework ensuring the implementation of preventive vaccination is represented by the following documents:

1. Federal Law No. 157 “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” (1998). State guarantees in the field of immunoprophylaxis imply:
   • availability of vaccinations, their freeness;

   social support for the development of complications after vaccination;

2. use of effective drugs;
3. control over the quality, effectiveness and safety of drugs.

According to Art. 5 of this Federal Law: “A citizen has the right to refuse preventive vaccinations.”

4. “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of citizens’ health”:
   Art. 30: “A necessary condition for medical intervention is the informed voluntary consent of the citizen.”
5. Art. 33: “A citizen or his legal representative has the right to refuse medical intervention or demand its termination...”.
6. "Convention on the Rights of the Child" (1990).
7. Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated March 21, 2014 N 125n (as amended on April 13, 2017) “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.”
8. The guarantee for the provision of preschool education to a child without vaccinations is given by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 43), the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012 (Article 5, Part 1, Part 2).

Immunization of preschool children. consultation on the topic

Immunization of preschool children.

One of the most important measures taken to preserve and strengthen the health of children is the organization and implementation of preventive vaccinations.

The immune system protects the body from pathogens of infectious diseases. It is able to protect the child from microorganisms that constantly surround us (Escherichia coli, streptococci and others), but is not always able to cope with the pathogens of diphtheria, measles, rubella, tetanus and other diseases. Immunization is the creation of artificial immunity against a disease. Passive immunization is carried out through injections of immune serum containing antibodies. Active immunization is vaccination with dead or weakened microorganisms.

Advances in immunology have made it possible to introduce into medical practice vaccinations against many childhood diseases - whooping cough, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and viral hepatitis B.

It is important to note that vaccinations received in childhood, in most cases, create the basis of immunity against certain infections for life. When a vaccine is administered, immunity to its components is developed, resulting in the formation of antibodies that live in the body. They are strictly individual for each pathogen; when they encounter it, they very quickly suppress it and prevent the disease from developing. However, no vaccine can give a 100% guarantee that a child will not get sick. Although vaccinated children get sick extremely rarely, most vaccines require booster shots at certain intervals, because Over time, the immune system weakens and protection will be insufficient. For example, vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus are repeated every 10 years.

Parents are often afraid to vaccinate children suffering from chronic diseases; however, the risk from infection is many times greater than the possible consequences of vaccination. For example, a child with a heart defect will tolerate whooping cough much worse than a healthy one.

It is important to remember that an individual approach is applied to each child. Before any vaccination, the doctor examines the child and decides whether it is possible. Vaccinations are prescribed in accordance with the National Vaccination Calendar.

Every person has the right to make their own choice - to be vaccinated or not, but parents should know that by refusing vaccinations, they are depriving their children of the right to health.

It is important to emphasize that modern medicine does not yet have a more effective means of preventing infectious diseases than vaccination.

Parents! By refusing vaccinations, you not only deprive your child of protection, but also endanger other children and contribute to the spread of infectious diseases in society.

List of mandatory vaccines for children, without which they are not admitted to preschool educational institutions

Polio

The most commonly used vaccine for polio vaccination is the oral vaccine. The child drops 4 drops of the solution into the mouth (on the root of the tongue or on the tonsils). After this, you should not give your baby anything to eat or drink for an hour.

Injection vaccination can also be used. The injection is given in the thigh or under the shoulder blade.

The vaccine is administered three times with an interval of 4-6 weeks:

• at 3 months;
• at 4.5 months;
• at 6 months

Revaccination at 18 and 20 months.

Whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria

Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus is given according to the following standards:

• at 3 months;
• then at 4.5 months;
• at 6 months

After this, revaccination is carried out at 1.5 years and at 6-7 years. Most often, the domestic DTP vaccine is given. If the child has indications (severe allergic reactions, unfavorable neurological background, etc.), the baby can be given a more gentle foreign vaccine, for example, Pentaxim.

In preparation for vaccination, an antihistamine is given three days before it. Among the local reactions to the vaccine are :

1. rise in temperature;
2. redness or bump at the injection site;
3. general malaise;
4. drowsiness.

Rubella, measles and mumps

Children are vaccinated at one year and 6 years old. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets; children aged 2-5 years are most susceptible to infection. The vaccination site should not be wetted during the day. It is also better to refrain from visiting public places with your baby. The vaccine is administered subcutaneously into the shoulder or under the shoulder blade.

If a domestically produced vaccine is given, in which rubella and mumps-measles vaccines are contained separately, then 2 injections are given under different shoulder blades or in the shoulder and under the shoulder blade. In a foreign vaccine, all three components are combined together, and such separation is not required.

Reference. Reactions to vaccinations are rare. A rash may appear with a rise in temperature.

Hepatitis B

For the first time, a child receives a vaccine against hepatitis B in the maternity hospital, in the first 24 hours. The second and third vaccinations are carried out at 1 and 6 months.

Babies weighing less than 2 kg, as well as those born prematurely, are not allowed to be vaccinated. Another contraindication is signs of a severe allergic reaction.

No more than 3 months should pass between the first and second vaccination , otherwise the first vaccination will have to be repeated.

The vaccine provides immunity from hepatitis B for 20 years. Revaccination is carried out after 22 years. The drug is administered intramuscularly.

Vaccination against hepatitis B can be carried out simultaneously with other vaccinations except BCG. The vaccination site should not be wetted for 2-3 days. Stable immunity to the virus is formed 3 months after the end of vaccination

Do not forget that in addition to the vaccinations listed, you will need to go through a whole list of doctors and take some tests. Read more about specialists and analyzes here.

Tuberculosis

Newborn children are vaccinated against tuberculosis on days 3-5 with the BCG vaccine. Contraindications are:

1. prematurity with body weight less than 2 kg;
2. birth injury;
3. intrauterine infection;
4. immunodeficiency;
5. skin diseases.

In this case, vaccination is postponed or carried out using a weakened BCG-M vaccine. The vaccination is done intradermally (not to be confused with subcutaneous injection!) into the left shoulder , a point is selected on the border of the upper and middle third of the shoulder.

After the vaccine is administered, this area cannot be treated with anything. If vaccination in the maternity hospital was postponed, vaccination begins at the clinic, having first carried out the Mantoux test (read about whether they can not take you to kindergarten without the Mantoux test).

The exception is children under 2 months old; they are not tested. The Mantoux reaction is also checked before revaccination.

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out at the age of 7 and then 14 years. Usually a transparent bubble forms at the injection site, which disappears within half an hour. The next reaction should be expected in 4-6 weeks.

A nodule appears with an infiltrate, transparent in the center, and a crust surrounds it at the edges. The formation disappears on its own after a few weeks, leaving behind a small scar.

Complications include:

• enlarged lymph nodes;
• cold abscess;
• superficial ulcer;
• keloid scar.

Mandatory vaccinations for kindergarten

You cannot enter kindergarten without vaccinations. According to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 157-FZ “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”, every child must be vaccinated according to the national vaccination calendar by the time of enrollment in a preschool educational institution. Today, this calendar includes the following mandatory vaccinations that protect against the most dangerous infections:

1. Vaccination against hepatitis B. As a rule, it is done in the first hours of a child’s life. Without this vaccination, there is a high risk of developing liver damage with transition to the chronic stage in the form of cirrhosis and even oncology.
2. Vaccination against tuberculosis, a disease that affects the lungs. Like the previous one, it is performed in the first days of life using the BCG vaccine. Immunity after vaccination develops after 2 months. The subsequent presence of immunity is checked annually using the well-known mantoux test. Mantu vaccination is also done in kindergarten, and if a lack of immunity to tuberculosis is detected, repeated vaccination is performed.
3. Vaccination against whooping cough, a disease that causes lung pathology, which manifests itself in the form of a lingering cough. Whooping cough is especially severe in babies in the first months of life, so vaccination against this disease is strongly recommended. Vaccination against whooping cough is given to children aged 3 months and older and is carried out in three stages - every one and a half months.
4. Vaccination against diphtheria, a disease that affects the respiratory tract, nervous system, heart and blood vessels. Also performed on children aged 3 months and older.
5. Vaccination against tetanus, a disease that affects the nervous system and causes severe spasms, including cramps of the respiratory muscles. The list of vaccinations for kindergarten must include a tetanus vaccination, since the risk of death due to infection with tetanus bacillus reaches 80%.
6. Vaccination against polio. Poliomyelitis is an infection that affects the spinal cord and leads to paralysis, and in the most severe cases, respiratory arrest and death. The polio vaccine is administered orally.
7. Vaccination against measles, a severe viral infection accompanied by inflammation of the lungs and brain. Are measles vaccinations given in kindergarten? If the child was vaccinated, as expected, at 1 year, then re-vaccination can be carried out at 6 years.
8. Vaccination against rubella is a disease whose danger lies mainly in damage to the fetus in the womb. If a girl has not been vaccinated against rubella, then later in pregnancy her risk of developing fetal defects increases significantly. Therefore, vaccination against rubella is mandatory at 1 year of age, then during adolescence and, finally, after 18 years.
9. Vaccination against mumps (mumps), which affects the salivary glands and pancreas. Vaccination is carried out in two stages - at 12 months and at 6 years.

List of additional

In addition to mandatory vaccinations against the most common infections, doctors recommend additional vaccinations for children for epidemic reasons or in risk groups. Such vaccinations include:

1. against shigellosis;
2. against meningococcal infection;
3. against pneumococcal infection (children from 2 to 5 years old);
4. against rotavirus infection;
5. against chickenpox;
6. against hemophilus influenzae infection (children who were not vaccinated in the first year of life);
7. against the flu.

Problems that may arise

Problems with admission to kindergarten may begin at the clinic if the doctor refuses to sign the medical card.

In this case, you need to ask the doctor to give a refusal in writing with reference to the document on which he relies.

The manager may not accept a child into kindergarten. In this case, parents are asked to bring a certificate from the SES. This is illegal.

If the baby was found healthy during a medical examination at the clinic, then nothing else is required from the parents except a medical card and refusal of vaccinations.

Also in practice, there are often situations when parents are asked not to bring an unvaccinated child for 2 weeks if other children in the group were vaccinated against polio with live polio vaccine orally at that time. This is explained by the fact that the risk of infection in an unvaccinated baby is higher in this case.

Refusal of vaccination

Vaccinations required for kindergarten are carried out with the consent of the child’s parents or guardians (Federal Law No. 157-FZ, Article 1, Part 3). Consent, like refusal, must be in writing and confirmed by signatures. The kindergarten regards refusal to vaccinate as inclusion of a child at high risk of morbidity and spread of infection into the team. In addition, experts strongly recommend not to neglect vaccination, so as not to expose the baby to danger.

However, parents have the right to issue an exemption from vaccinations on the basis of the same law No. 157-FZ. The written refusal is certified by the signature of the parent (guardian) and the attending physician or the head of the clinic to which the child is attached.

What do they inject in preschool?

All vaccinations in a children's educational institution are carried out only with the consent of the parents. In this case, the individual vaccination schedule of each child is taken into account, because It often happens that a child lags behind the generally accepted vaccination schedule for one reason or another.

In this case, all missing vaccinations will be completed at the educational institution. When vaccinations are completed on time, all vaccinations in kindergarten are given according to the schedule.

If we take into account that some kindergartens accept children from 1.5 years old, then the list of vaccinations for preschool age will be as follows:

• 20 months - second revaccination against polio;
• 6 years – revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps;
• 6-7 years – first revaccination against tuberculosis.

Entering kindergarten is an important event for both the child and the parents, but there is no need to worry. On our website you will find information in detail about why your baby needs to be prepared for kindergarten, what clothes and shoes are needed and how to sign things.

Parents can refuse all vaccinations for their child. However, moms and dads should remember that the consequences of previous diseases can be much more dangerous than adverse reactions to the vaccine, and also that it is parents who are responsible for the life and health of their children.

Vaccinations for children. National calendar of preventive vaccinations - 2021

Vaccination of a child under 15 years of age is possible only with the consent of one of the parents (or other legal representative) of the minor. Children 15 years of age and older, as well as adult citizens, independently decide on routine preventive vaccination.

The National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, current as of the current year, is presented below in table form. Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out in accordance with this vaccination schedule.

The vaccination calendar changes on average every two years. In recent years, vaccination against pneumococcal infection, human papillomavirus and chickenpox has been added to it.

“We now have one of the most complete national calendars - 12 infections. We plan to expand it by 2021, adding two more vaccinations against two infections,” said Deputy Minister of Health Sergei Kraevoy.

Photo - Lori's photo bank